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Chapter 33: Participles Uses Day 1 – Answer Key Matthew 16:16 1) There are two participles: ἀποκριθεὶς – aorist passive nominative singular masculine ἀποκρίνομαι ζῶντος – present active genitive singular masculine or neuter ζᾶω [Note: Eventually you will have to choose only one correct case, number, gender identification, but until you know what word the participle modifies and how that word is functioning in the sentence you need to keep all options open.] 2) Which word does each modify? ἀποκριθείς modifies Σίμων Πέτρος ζῶντος modifies τοῦ θεοῦ in the word order article / noun / article / modifier [Thus the correct form identification is genitive singular masculine.] 3) How do the words the participles modify fit into the sentence? “Simon Peter” is the subject of the first indicative verb εἶπεν which is aorist, indicating a past tense time frame. “God” is a possessive genitive in the phrase “the Son of God.” 4) What contextual clues might help you to identify each participle? ἀποκριθεὶς fits into one of the two patterns described for the redundant participle. Take a good look at these. Remember that to qualify as a “redundant” participle, both the participle and the verb to which it is related must be verbs of speaking (or possibly thinking). This is a contextual clue to this participle use. ζῶντος has a definite article. Therefore it must be either attributive adjectival proper or substantive; only these two uses normally have an article. We have already determined that the participle modifies “God”; therefore it must be adjectival proper. 5) Now with all the participles correctly identified and positioned in the sentence, you are ready to produce a translation. The redundant participle follows a set formula translation: either “And Simon Peter answered and said” or “And Simon Peter answered.” Since no other material is attached to the adjectival proper participle, it may be left in its “–ing” form: “living.” 144 Chapter 33: Participle Uses (Day 1 – Answer Key) Final translation: And Simon Peter answered and said, “You are the Christ / Messiah, the Son of the living God.” John 1:28-29 1) There are three participles: βαπτίζων – present active nominative singular masculine βαπτίζω ἐρχόμενον – present M/P accusative singular masculine or nominative singular neuter or accusative singular neuter ἔρχομαι αἴρων – present active nominative singular masculine αἴρω 2) βαπτίζων modifies ὁ ᾿Ιωάννης ἐρχόμενον modifies τὸν ᾿Ιησοῦν [Correct participle identification is accusative singular masculine.] αἴρων modifies ὁ ἀμνὸς 3) “John” is nominative singular masculine and is almost certainly the subject of the clause. All verbs, except in the direct quotation, are either aorist, imperfect or historical present, indicating a past tense time frame. “Jesus” is the direct object of βλέπει (“saw”). “Lamb” is nominative after the exclamatory word “Behold.” [This use of the nominative case is called a nominative of exclamation.] 4) This first one has the potential to be confusing. You might be tempted to translate “John the Baptist.” However, the participle is not preceded by a definite article, so it is not likely that it is either a substantive or adjectival proper. The clue is the presence of a form of the verb “to be.” This suggests that you probably have a periphrastic participle. [Review the chart in the chapter.] The clue to the identification of ἐρχόμενον is the fact that it is modifying the direct object of a verb of sense perception. This is a rather limited category: complementary. [Review the description.] Like ζῶντος in the preceding passage, αἴρων modifies a noun in the word order article / noun / article / modifier. This is perhaps a bit harder to notice because τοῦ θεοῦ breaks up the phrase, but it is there nevertheless. So this participle also must be adjectival proper. 5) The periphrastic participle will be translated just like its finite verb equivalent. The present participle + the imperfect of εἰμί is translated as an imperfect indicative. “These things Chapter 33: Participle Uses (Day 1- Answer Key) 145 happened in Bethany across the Jordan, where John was baptizing.” A complementary participle with a present active translation is generally left in its “–ing” form. “On the next day [Τῇ ἐπαύριον – In order to translate this phrase, you need to supply the word ἡμέρᾳ. It then becomes a dative of time, with the adverb as a modifier.], he saw Jesus coming toward him and said,” An adjectival proper participle with extra material attached to it (in this case a direct object) is generally translated with what sounds like a relative clause. “Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.” Final translation: These things happened in Bethany across the Jordan, where John was baptizing. On the next day, he saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.” John 8:47 1) There is one participle: ὢν – present active nominative singular masculine εἰμί 2) ὢν does not modify anything else and has a definite article: it is a substantive. 3) We have already determined that the participle is a substantive. Now we must decide how it is functioning in the sentence. It is functioning as the subject of ἀκούει. The verb is present tense; this clause is making a general statement. 4) We have already identified the use as substantive. 5) Substantive participles are almost always translated with what sounds like a relative clause. Final translation: The one who / He who is from [or “of”] God hears the words of God; for this reason you do not hear, because you are not from / of God. Study suggestion: Memorize one good example (in English, though you should know what the Greek looks like) of each use and test other participles by that standard if you are uncertain as to how to categorize them. Chapter 33: Participle Uses Day 1 Review – Answer Key 2) Adjectival proper and substantive. 3) They are often best translated into English with a relative clause. 4) “the Jews who came with / accompanied her” / “the one who / he who comes to me” 5) The time of the participle is relative to that of the main verb in the clause: a present participle is going on at the same time as the main verb, an aorist participle took place before the time of the main verb, and a perfect participle took place before the main verb but focuses on the contemporary results of the action. In the example given, the action of the participle occurs before the time of the aorist main verb: “the Jews who had come with her.” 6) Verbs of completing, ceasing, or continuing. 7) Verbs of perception or cognition. 8) The aorist passive participle of ἀποκρίνομαι and the present active participle of λέγω. The main verb will also be one of speaking or communication. 9) The presence of a form of εἰμί (or another verb meaning “to be”). [Note that this is not foolproof; there may be situations where εἰμί appears in a clause with a participle which is not used as a periphrastic. But it is a good first place to start; it will be correct more often than not.] 10) They are translated as regular verbs (usually indicative). The present participle plus the imperfect of εἰμί is equal to an imperfect indicative: “he was praying.” The perfect participle plus the present of εἰμί is equal to a perfect indicative: “We have been crucified with Christ.”