Download Chapter 33: Participles Uses

Chapter 33: Participles Uses
Day 1 – Answer Key
Matthew 16:16
1) There are two participles:
ἀποκριθεὶς – aorist passive nominative singular masculine ἀποκρίνομαι
ζῶντος – present active genitive singular masculine or neuter ζᾶω [Note: Eventually
you will have to choose only one correct case, number, gender identification, but
until you know what word the participle modifies and how that word is
functioning in the sentence you need to keep all options open.]
2) Which word does each modify?
ἀποκριθείς modifies Σίμων Πέτρος
ζῶντος modifies τοῦ θεοῦ in the word order article / noun / article / modifier [Thus
the correct form identification is genitive singular masculine.]
3) How do the words the participles modify fit into the sentence?
“Simon Peter” is the subject of the first indicative verb εἶπεν which is aorist, indicating
a past tense time frame.
“God” is a possessive genitive in the phrase “the Son of God.”
4) What contextual clues might help you to identify each participle?
ἀποκριθεὶς fits into one of the two patterns described for the redundant participle.
Take a good look at these. Remember that to qualify as a “redundant” participle,
both the participle and the verb to which it is related must be verbs of speaking (or
possibly thinking). This is a contextual clue to this participle use.
ζῶντος has a definite article. Therefore it must be either attributive adjectival proper or
substantive; only these two uses normally have an article. We have already
determined that the participle modifies “God”; therefore it must be adjectival
proper.
5) Now with all the participles correctly identified and positioned in the sentence, you are ready
to produce a translation.
The redundant participle follows a set formula translation: either “And Simon Peter
answered and said” or “And Simon Peter answered.”
Since no other material is attached to the adjectival proper participle, it may be left in its
“–ing” form: “living.”
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Chapter 33: Participle Uses (Day 1 – Answer Key)
Final translation: And Simon Peter answered and said, “You are the Christ / Messiah, the Son of
the living God.”
John 1:28-29
1) There are three participles:
βαπτίζων – present active nominative singular masculine βαπτίζω
ἐρχόμενον – present M/P accusative singular masculine or nominative singular neuter
or accusative singular neuter ἔρχομαι
αἴρων – present active nominative singular masculine αἴρω
2) βαπτίζων modifies ὁ ᾿Ιωάννης
ἐρχόμενον modifies τὸν ᾿Ιησοῦν [Correct participle identification is accusative
singular masculine.]
αἴρων modifies ὁ ἀμνὸς
3) “John” is nominative singular masculine and is almost certainly the subject of the clause. All
verbs, except in the direct quotation, are either aorist, imperfect or historical present,
indicating a past tense time frame.
“Jesus” is the direct object of βλέπει (“saw”).
“Lamb” is nominative after the exclamatory word “Behold.” [This use of the nominative
case is called a nominative of exclamation.]
4) This first one has the potential to be confusing. You might be tempted to translate “John the
Baptist.” However, the participle is not preceded by a definite article, so it is not likely
that it is either a substantive or adjectival proper. The clue is the presence of a form of
the verb “to be.” This suggests that you probably have a periphrastic participle. [Review
the chart in the chapter.]
The clue to the identification of ἐρχόμενον is the fact that it is modifying the direct
object of a verb of sense perception. This is a rather limited category: complementary. [Review the description.]
Like ζῶντος in the preceding passage, αἴρων modifies a noun in the word order article /
noun / article / modifier. This is perhaps a bit harder to notice because τοῦ θεοῦ
breaks up the phrase, but it is there nevertheless. So this participle also must be
adjectival proper.
5) The periphrastic participle will be translated just like its finite verb equivalent. The present
participle + the imperfect of εἰμί is translated as an imperfect indicative. “These things
Chapter 33: Participle Uses (Day 1- Answer Key) 145
happened in Bethany across the Jordan, where John was baptizing.”
A complementary participle with a present active translation is generally left in its “–ing”
form. “On the next day [Τῇ ἐπαύριον – In order to translate this phrase, you
need to supply the word ἡμέρᾳ. It then becomes a dative of time, with the adverb
as a modifier.], he saw Jesus coming toward him and said,”
An adjectival proper participle with extra material attached to it (in this case a direct
object) is generally translated with what sounds like a relative clause. “Behold the
Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.”
Final translation: These things happened in Bethany across the Jordan, where John was
baptizing. On the next day, he saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Behold the Lamb
of God, who takes away the sin of the world.”
John 8:47
1) There is one participle: ὢν – present active nominative singular masculine εἰμί
2) ὢν does not modify anything else and has a definite article: it is a substantive.
3) We have already determined that the participle is a substantive. Now we must decide how it
is functioning in the sentence. It is functioning as the subject of ἀκούει. The verb is
present tense; this clause is making a general statement.
4) We have already identified the use as substantive.
5) Substantive participles are almost always translated with what sounds like a relative clause.
Final translation: The one who / He who is from [or “of”] God hears the words of God; for this
reason you do not hear, because you are not from / of God.
Study suggestion: Memorize one good example (in English, though you should know what the
Greek looks like) of each use and test other participles by that standard if you are uncertain as to
how to categorize them.
Chapter 33: Participle Uses
Day 1 Review – Answer Key
2) Adjectival proper and substantive.
3) They are often best translated into English with a relative clause.
4) “the Jews who came with / accompanied her” / “the one who / he who comes to me”
5) The time of the participle is relative to that of the main verb in the clause: a present participle
is going on at the same time as the main verb, an aorist participle took place before the
time of the main verb, and a perfect participle took place before the main verb but
focuses on the contemporary results of the action. In the example given, the action of the
participle occurs before the time of the aorist main verb: “the Jews who had come with
her.”
6) Verbs of completing, ceasing, or continuing.
7) Verbs of perception or cognition.
8) The aorist passive participle of ἀποκρίνομαι and the present active participle of λέγω. The
main verb will also be one of speaking or communication.
9) The presence of a form of εἰμί (or another verb meaning “to be”). [Note that this is not
foolproof; there may be situations where εἰμί appears in a clause with a participle which
is not used as a periphrastic. But it is a good first place to start; it will be correct more
often than not.]
10) They are translated as regular verbs (usually indicative). The present participle plus the
imperfect of εἰμί is equal to an imperfect indicative: “he was praying.” The perfect
participle plus the present of εἰμί is equal to a perfect indicative: “We have been
crucified with Christ.”