Download Body Systems Notes

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Body Systems Notes
Learning Goal:
I will identify the main functions of the systems of the human organism.
Body System Notes
1. Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System
3. Muscular System
Function:
Organs:
System interacts with:
2. Respiratory System
Function:
Organs:
System interacts with:
For EACH system, you will need to find the
function, organs involved, and what
systems it interacts with in addition to the
picture. It does not matter how you arrange
the information in your notebook.
4. Skeletal System
5. Digestive System
7. Excretory (Urinary) System
6. Endocrine System
8. Integumentary System
9. Nervous System
10. Reproductive System
Circulate = to move
The
Circulatory
Cardio = heart
(Cardiovascular)
System
FUNCTION:
Delivery system that
moves oxygen and
nutrients TO the
body's cells, and
carries AWAY carbon
dioxide and waste
materials.
Organs of the Circulatory System
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood Vessels:
– Arteries: carry blood AWAY from the heart
– Veins: carry blood INTO the heart
– Capillaries: connect arteries and veins
Arteries
Read Only
•Carry blood away from the heart
•Have strong, muscular walls
•The inner layer is very smooth so that
the blood can flow easily
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
Veins
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• Carry blood to the heart
• Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood
back to the lungs and heart
• Valves inside the veins make blood move
in one direction
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
Capillaries
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• Only one cell thick (very small size)
• Connect arteries & veins
• Food and oxygen released to the body
cells
• Carbon dioxide and other waste products
returned to the bloodstream
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/system
s/circulation.html
Circulatory System works closely with...
•
•
•
•
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory System
Nervous System
The Respiratory System
Respire = to breathe
Function of the respiratory
system
• Gas exchange: delivering oxygen
to the body (inhale) and removing
carbon dioxide from the body
(exhale).
– Gases are carried within the blood.
Read Only
•The diaphragm is the muscle under the
lungs.
•It contracts and relaxes to moves gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide) in and out of the
http://mhln.com
lungs.
Major organs include:
nose & mouth, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, alveoli
http://www.bbc.co.uk
Respiratory system works closely with...
• Circulatory System
• Excretory System
• Nervous System
Muscular System
Muscular System
Function:
Muscles enable the body to MOVE. They
also help the body maintain posture.
Bones and joints have
no power to move on their own.
They are connected to muscles
to provide movement.
There are more than 600 muscles
in the body
– 35–40% of body mass
is muscle.
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Read Only
Skeletal muscle movements are
results of pairs of muscles working
together.
– One muscle contracts while the other
muscle relaxes.
– Muscles always pull; they never push.
Write this information below function.
Two Groups of Muscles
1. Voluntary—muscles you can control.
Ex: Arms, legs, hands, face
In = not
2. Involuntary—muscles you can’t
control; move automatically
Ex: Cardiac (heart) muscles, stomach, intestines
Organs:
Muscles:
– Skeletal muscles
– Smooth muscles
– Cardiac muscles
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle
Attached to the bones by
tendons
– Tendons—thick bands that pull on
the bone as the muscle contracts
Voluntary
Contract quickly, tire easily
Most numerous in body
Looks striped (striated)
Read Only
Read Only
Three Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)
2. Smooth Muscle
Involuntary
Found in: walls of stomach,
intestine, uterus, etc.
Contracts and relaxes slowly
No striations
Read Only
Three Types of Muscle Tissue (cont.)
3. Cardiac Muscle
Only found in heart
Involuntary
Has striations
Contracts 70 times per minute (heartbeat)
Muscular System works closely with...
Skeletal System
Digestive System
Skeletal System
3 Main Functions of Skeletal System
1. Bones are the framework for the body
providing its shape
2. Provides protection to internal organs
(ribs, skull)
3. Blood Cell production
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ALL Functions of Skeletal System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Framework gives shape & support to the body.
Bones (ribs) protect the internal organs.
Major muscles of the body are attached to the bones.
Blood cells are created in red marrow of some bones.
Skeleton is a place where major quantities of calcium
and phosphorus compounds are stored.
Each bone in your body is a living organ, made of different
tissues. Cells in bones take in food and use energy.
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The adult skeleton has 206 bones
(baby has 270). As the baby grows,
bones fuse (join) together resulting in
a decreased total amount of bones.
Organs of the Skeletal System
• Bones
• Joints (connect BONE to BONE by ligaments)
• Tendons (connect BONE to MUSCLE)
Read Only
Joints
Any place where two or more bones
meet (BONE to BONE)
Ligaments: tough
bands of tissue that
hold bones together
at the joints
Read Only
Tendons
Flexible connective tissue that
connects MUSCLE to BONE
Skeletal System works closely with...
• Muscular System
• Nervous System
Digestive
System
Main function of the Digestive System

Break down food into smaller pieces to convert food
into essential nutrients that are absorbed into the
body and moves the unused waste material out of
the body.
Read Only
Functions of the Digestive System
1.
Ingestion = Food
enters the mouth.
Read Only
Functions of the Digestive System
1.
2.
Ingestion = Food enters the
mouth.
Digestion = Process that
breaks food down into small
molecules
a) Mechanical digestion =
Food is chewed and
churned.
b) Chemical digestion =
Breaks down large food
molecules into smaller
molecules to be
absorbed by cells
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Functions of the Digestive System
1.
2.
3.
Ingestion = Food enters the
mouth.
Digestion = Process that
breaks food down into small
molecules
Absorption =
Small molecules of
food are taken into
the body cells.
Read Only
Functions of the Digestive System
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ingestion = Food enters the
mouth.
Digestion = Process that
breaks food down into small
molecules
Absorption = Small
molecules of food are taken
into the body cells.
Elimination =
Wastes made of
unabsorbed food
molecules pass out of the body.
Large Intestine
Main organs of the Digestive System






Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large
intestines
Rectum
Anus
Digestive System works closely with...

Circulatory System
Endocrine System
Function of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is composed of glands that
release hormones (chemical messengers) into the
bloodstream to control body functions such as
growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Organs involved in the Endocrine
System
• Glands:
– Pituitary
– Thyroid
– Adrenal (kidney)
• Hormones
Read Only
Pituitary
Pituitary
The pituitary gland produces a growth
hormone which controls growth and
homeostasis.
Read Only
Parathyroid
Parathyroid
The parathyroid gland produces
parathormone which controls calcium
levels in the body.
Read Only
Adrenals
Adrenals
Adrenals
The adrenal glands produce adrenaline in
response to physical and emotional stress.
Fight or Flight
Read Only
Thyroid
Thyroid
The thyroid gland produces thyroxin to
regulate metabolism.
Read Only
Pancreas
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin which
controls sugar levels in the blood.
Testes (in males)
Read Only
Testes
The testes produce testosterone used in
sperm production and the development of
male traits.
Read Only
Ovaries (in Females)
Ovaries
The ovaries produce estrogen used in egg
production and the development of female
traits.
Endocrine System works closely with...
• Reproductive System
• Nervous System
Ex = Exit
Excretory
(Urinary)
System
Main function of Excretory System
• Rids blood of wastes
– Urine
– Carbon Dioxide
– Sweat and Oil
Additional Excretory functions
Read Only
• Controls blood volume by removing extra water
•
produced by cells
Balances salts and water so cells can function properly
Ex = Exit
Read Only
Other Excretory Organs
• Skin = releases perspiration (water
and salts) to cool off the body
• Lungs = release carbon dioxide from
the body
Main organs of the
Excretory (Urinary) System
• Kidneys
• Ureter
• Bladder
• Urethra
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Organs of the Excretory System
• Kidneys = filter
blood that has
collected wastes
from cells
Read Only
Organs of the Excretory System
• Kidneys = filter
blood that has
collected wastes
from cells
– Nephrons = filters
inside the kidneys
– Produce urine
(sterile waste fluid,
96% water)
Read Only
Organs of the Excretory System
• Ureters = tubes that
lead from each
kidney to bladder
Read Only
Organs of the Excretory System
• Urinary bladder =
muscular organ that
holds urine
Read Only
Organs of the Excretory System
• Urethra = tube
that carries urine
from the bladder
out of the
body
Excretory System works closely with...
• Circulatory System
• Respiratory System
• Integumentary System
Integument = a covering
Integumentary System
The name is derived from the Latin
integumentum, which means “a covering.”
The skin, considered the largest human
organ, covers the body.
Integumentary System
Functions include:
1. Protects the body’s internal
tissues and organs
2. Protects against infectious
organisms and injury
3. Prevents loss of body fluids
Read Only
Additional functions include:
Functions include:
Regulates body temperature through
sweat and regulating peripheral blood
flow
Removes waste from the body
through perspiration
Generates vitamin D through
exposure to UV light
Read Only
Additional functions include:
Functions include:
Protects against sunburns from UV rays
Stores fat for fuel and insulation
Sensory organ with receptors for touch,
pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Organs of the
Integumentary System
Composed of skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails
Integumentary System works closely
with…
Immune System
Nervous
System
Organs of the Nervous System
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Read Only
Organs of the Nervous System
Brain= uses information it receives from
nerve impulses to coordinate actions
Read Only
Organs of the Nervous System
Spinal Cord= Central
communication system.
– Nerve center
– Messages are sent to
the brain through the
spinal cord.
– Exception: Reflexes
skip the spinal cord and
go straight to the brain.
Read Only
Organs of the Nervous System
Nerves= carry messages
throughout the
body
Functions of the Nervous System
– Sends and receives
messages to and from the
body to coordinates all
actions and reactions
• Send messages as electrical
impulses
Read Only
Functions of the Nervous System
Functions include:
1. Sensory Input- Senses
2.
3.
send messages to the
brain.
Integration- The brain
interprets and
translates.
Motor Output- The
brain sends messages
to body.
Read Only
Central Nervous System
– Central Nervous
System- Maintains
homeostasis by
regulating vital body
functions such as
breathing, heart rate,
hormones, etc.
Read Only
Peripheral Nervous System
– Peripheral
Nervous System• Sensory Neurons- Carry
•
information toward the
central nervous system
Motor Neurons- Send
impulses away from the
central nervous system
Nervous System works closely with…
• Muscular System
• Respiratory System
• Endocrine System
Reproductive System
Function of the Reproductive System
• The major function of the reproductive system
is to ensure survival of the species.
– To produce egg and sperm cells
– To transport and sustain these cells
– To nurture the developing offspring
– To produce hormones (Endocrine System)
Organs of the
Reproductive System
Male: Penis, testicle
Female: Vagina, ovary, uterus
Reproductive System works closely with…
• Endocrine System