Download Unit 2 Test Review

Unit 2 Test Review
4A Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
1. What is the main function of the following cell organelles? (think about what would happen to cell function if these
organelles didn’t work or were absent)
a. Nucleus controls cellular activities & contains genetic info
b. Mitochondria breaks down glucose (sugar) molecules to release energy in the form of ATP in a process called cellular
respiration & releases CO2
c. Chloroplast captures energy from the sun to make food (glucose) for plants in a process called photosynthesis & releases
O2
d. Lysosome breaks down larger food molecules into smaller food molecules & digests old cell parts
e. Cell (plasma) membrane allows certain molecules into & out of the cell, maintains homeostasis
f. Cell wall gives rigid structure to plant and bacterial cells, allows certain molecules into & out of cells
2. List the characteristics of a prokaryote. Few organelles, no nucleus instead has a nucleoid, contains: cell wall, cell
membrane, DNA,& ribosomes. Ex: bacteria
3. List the characteristics of a eukaryote. Many organelles, true nucleus contains: plants contain cell wall & chloroplasts,
animals do not, cell membrane, DNA,& ribosomes, ER, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies
4. What are the similarities between prokaryotes & eukaryotes? DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
5. What are the differences between prokaryotes & eukaryotes? Prokaryotes don’t have nucleus & have fewer organelles
than eukaryotes
6. What is the 1 main structural difference between prokaryotes & eukaryotes? Prokaryotes have nucleus and eukaryotes
do not
4B Cell Transport
7. What does semi permeable or selectively permeable mean? Allowing some molecules in and keeping other molecules
outside a cell
8. Explain the 3 different types of solutions (particles inside/outside solution, water movement, cell shape change):
a. isotonic solute concentration outside the cell is equal to inside the cell, the same amount of water goes into the cell as
out of the cell, cell size stays the same
b. hypotonic solute concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell, water goes into the cell, cell size gets bigger
c. hypertonic solute concentration outside the cell is more than inside the cell, water goes out of the cell, cell size shrinks
9. Explain the different processes of particle/water movement into/out of cells:
a. diffusion – the process of molecules moving across a semi permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low
concentration
b. osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules
c. endocytosis – the process of molecules moving into a call forming vesicles
d. exocytosis – the process of molecules moving out of a cell
e. facilitated diffusion – the process of molecules moving through a semi-permeable membrane through protein channels
f. active transport – movement of molecules that requires energy
g. passive transport – movement of molecules that doesn’t require energy ex: diffusion
10. What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? Why? (think about structure & function)
Water moves into the cell, the vacuole size increases, presses against the cell wall, the cells then become turgid
11. What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? Why? (think about structure & function)
Water moves into the cell, the cell size increases and eventually bursts
4C Viruses
12. Why is a virus considered non-living? Viruses do not obtain & use energy, don’t grow, don’t respond to environment,
don’t replicate on their own
13. How does a virus replicate? A virus attaches itself to a host cell, injects ins genetic material into the host cell. The host
cell then starts to make new viruses. The new viruses then burst out of the host cell causing its destruction.
14. What is the main difference between a lytic and lysogenic cycle? Lytic cycle takes longer than lysogenic. They both
cause the host cell to be destroyed
14. Explain the 3 different types of viruses (retrovirus, adenovirus, bacteriophage).
Retreovirus – contains only RNA, ex: HIV
Adenovirus: contains only DNA, causes respiratory infection
Bacteriophage: a virus that attacks bacteria
15. How does a virus cause disease? A virus causes a disease by attacking/destroying cells in the human body. Humans
then fell “sick” to do their immune cells trying to destroy viral cells.
16. List 4 different types of diseases a virus can cause. Rhinovirus, AIDS, HPV, herpes, influenza
17. Describe (in detail) how a rhinovirus and how HIV makes people sick.
Rhinovirus aka Cold – see #15
HIV – infects Helper T cells & white blood cells. Human’s immune system is weak and the human becomes susceptible to
an infection like a bacterial infection or pneumonia. The human cannot fight a cold like he/she normally could like a healthy,
non-HIV infected person
18. Describe (in detail) how a vaccine works.
A vaccine is for prevention ONLY. A vaccine injects a small amount of weakened virus into a person. That person’s immune
systems starts to build antibodies to fight the injected virus & the antibodies “remember” the particular virus later. Antibiotics
do not work on viruses because antibiotics only kill bacteria (living organisms) and viruses are non-living.