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Epiphytes Bromeliad Orchid Warning Coloration Skunk Poison Dart Frogs Milk Snake - Mimic Coral Snake - Toxic Monarch - Toxic Viceroy - Mimic Chemical Defenses – Warning Coloration Predators must have (–) experience w/ prey before learning to associate pain OR palatability w/ color or pattern Blue jay eats a monarch that had fed on poisonous milkweed Later - blue jay vomits Following the episode, blue jay refused to eat any monarchs Energy Flow Through Ecosystems •Ecosystems require a constant supply of Energy •Stored in large organic molecules (contain carbon) of carbs, fats, proteins •Producers (plants, etc.): trap solar ENERGY (photosynthesis) & make Energy available to ecosystem •Each step in the flow of Energy thru ecosystem is known as trophic level Food Chain: Marine Simple connections between trophic levels Woodland Top Consumer (Carnivore) ↑ Secondary Consumer ↑ Primary Consumer (Herbivore) ↑ Primary Producer Decomposer – recycles all trophic levels Decomposers: break down ALL Food Webs: Complex feeding relationships between Trophic levels Marine Food Web Carnivores (secondary or tertiary consumers) Carnivores Consumers Producers Producer Woodland Food Web Carnivores Herbivores Producer Trophic Levels: Community organization based on Feeding or Energy Transfer 0.1 kg. 10 kg. 100 kg. 1,000 kg. 10,000 kg. Keystone Species: Their presence contributes to a diversity of life & their absence leads to extinction of other species •Help support their ecosystem Ochre Sea Star Sea Otter Black-tailed Prairie Dog Sea Urchin (Otter prey)
