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3.0 Healthy human function depends on a variety of
interacting and reacting systems
Vocabulary:

Mechanical digestion: physical break down of food into very small pieces.

Chemical digestion: breakdown of large particles into smaller particles by a substance called enzymes.

Enzyme: substance created by the body to carry out chemical digestion.

Peristalsis: wave-like muscle contractions along the digestive system.

Gastric Juice: liquid in the stomach made of mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and water.

Diaphragm: large muscles below the lungs that helps move air in and out of the lungs

Bronchi: Two main branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs

Bronchioles: tubes that connect the bronchi to the air sacs in the lungs.

Alveoli: tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs; the site of gas exchange.

Atria: Upper chambers of the heart…receive blood from the body and lungs

Ventricles: lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body

Arteries: Thick walled blood vessels that take blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

Veins: Blood vessels that return blood from the body to the heart.

White blood cells: specialized to fight infection

Platelets: Cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding at cuts.

Excretion: waste removal

Urea: poisonous substance converted from highly toxic ammonia by the liver

Nephrons: filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine

Dialysis: removal of waste products from the blood using a machine that functions as a kidney

Nervous tissue: Tissue of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Neurons: Specialized cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit information.

Dendrites: Small branches of a neuron that receive information from neighboring cells

Axon: Long extension of a neuron’s cell body that transmits information to neighboring cells.

Central Nervous System: division of the nervous system composed of the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System: composed of the cranial and spinal nerves

Sensory Neurons: Cells that carry information from the body to the central nervous system.

Motor Neurons: Carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles or other organs.

Somatic Nervous System: Division of the peripheral nervous system that control that controls voluntary
responses

Autonomic Nervous System: Division of the peripheral nervous system that control automatic responses in
the body, such as heart rate.

Reflex: Automatic response to a stimulus; happens very quickly and without conscious control.
3.1 Digestive System
1. Lipids are really ______________ and _________________
2. Carbohydrates are really ______________________ and ____________________
4. Why does the stomach not digest itself?
5. Small finger-like projections that line the inner surface of the small intestine are called
____________________. What do these projections do?
6. Gastric Juice is produced in the _______________________. What four things is gastric juice composed
of? __________________,______________________,_______________________ and _______________
7. Where is bile produced?
8. Describe Mechanical and Chemical digestion and give an example of where it takes place in your body.
9. Describe in order, the pathway, in which food is digested. Be sure to list the organs involved in the
process.
3.2 Respiratory System
1. What are alveoli and what do they do?
2. What effect does exercise have on breathing rate?
3.3 Circulatory System
1. Sketch a heart labeling the 4 chambers and explain what those chambers do.
2. Describe in detail the roles that the left and right sides of the heart play.
3. Describe the different jobs that the atria and ventricles have.
4. The vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all the parts of your body are
called________________. The vessels that return blood from your body to the heart are called
__________________. The diffusion of nutrients and gases occurs in specialized blood vessels called
_______________________.
5. List the four different types of cells and materials found in blood and describe what they are responsible
for.
3.4 Excretory System
1. What is excretion?
2. The ________________ is an organ that takes highly toxic ______________ out of the bloodstream and
converts it into a less harmful waste substance called _______________.
3. What is the role of the kidneys in the excretory system?
4. Explain what the bladder is and how much urine the bladder can hold?
5. Why do some people need to use a kidney dialysis machine and what does that machine do?
6. What substance is excreted in sweat?
3.5 Nervous System
1. What are the two most important systems of the nervous system? And what are they made up of?
2. Explain what a sensory neuron does.
3. Explain what a motor neuron does.
4. Explain the role of the somatic nervous system.
5. Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system.
6. What is the control centre for your whole body?
7. The part that connects your brain to the other nerves throughout the body is called the
________________.
8. Responding to a noise you hear involves the _____________________ system
9. Your pupils adjusting to a dark room involves the ___________________ system.
3.0 Healthy human function depends on a variety of
interacting and reacting systems
Vocabulary:

Mechanical digestion: physical break down of food into very small pieces.

Chemical digestion: breakdown of large particles into smaller particles by a substance called enzymes.

Enzyme: substance created by the body to carry out chemical digestion.

Peristalsis: wave-like muscle contractions along the digestive system.

Gastric Juice: liquid in the stomach made of mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and water.

Diaphragm: large muscles below the lungs that helps move air in and out of the lungs

Bronchi: Two main branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs

Bronchioles: tubes that connect the bronchi to the air sacs in the lungs.

Alveoli: tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs; the site of gas exchange.

Atria: Upper chambers of the heart…receive blood from the body and lungs

Ventricles: lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body

Arteries: Thick walled blood vessels that take blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

Veins: Blood vessels that return blood from the body to the heart.

White blood cells: specialized to fight infection

Platelets: Cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding at cuts.

Excretion: waste removal

Urea: poisonous substance converted from highly toxic ammonia by the liver

Nephrons: filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine

Dialysis: removal of waste products from the blood using a machine that functions as a kidney

Nervous tissue: Tissue of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Neurons: Specialized cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit information.

Dendrites: Small branches of a neuron that receive information from neighboring cells

Axon: Long extension of a neuron’s cell body that transmits information to neighboring cells.

Central Nervous System: division of the nervous system composed of the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System: composed of the cranial and spinal nerves

Sensory Neurons: Cells that carry information from the body to the central nervous system.

Motor Neurons: Carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles or other organs.

Somatic Nervous System: Division of the peripheral nervous system that control that controls voluntary
responses

Autonomic Nervous System: Division of the peripheral nervous system that control automatic responses in
the body, such as heart rate.

Reflex: Automatic response to a stimulus; happens very quickly and without conscious control.
3.1 Digestive System
1. Lipids are really __Oils_______ and ____Fats_____________
2. Carbohydrates are really ______Sugars________________ and ______Starches______________
4. Why does the stomach not digest itself?
It has a mucus lining to protect it
5. Small finger-like projections that line the inner surface of the small intestine are called
_______Villi_____________. What do these projections do? Increase Surface Area of intestines to
maximize nutrient absorption into bloodstream
6. Gastric Juice is produced in the _____Stomach__________________. What four things is gastric juice
composed of? _____Digestive enzymes, Hydrochloric
acid__________________,____Water___________________ and ___Mucus____________ Where is bile
produced? The liver, stored in gall bladder, sent to small intestine when needed.
8. Describe Mechanical and Chemical digestion and give an example of where it takes place in your body.
Mechanical Digestion is the physical ripping apart of food by the teeth, and the churning of food in the
stomach.
Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food using acids and enzymes in the stomach and small intestine
9. Describe in order, the pathway, in which food is digested. Be sure to list the organs involved in the
process.
1. Mouth: Mechanical digestion (teeth) and Chemical Digestion (Saliva / enzymes)
2. Esophagus: Food is sent to the esophagus (the Trachea is protected by the epiglottis) where it is
squeezed into the stomach (peristalsis)
3. The stomach digests food chemically and mechanically
4. Food moves into the small intestine where chemical digestion continues (villi)
5. The large intestine re absorbs water and creates vitamins and minerals
6. The rectum (anus) is the final stop for anything that was not absorbed during digestion
3.2 Respiratory System
1. What are alveoli and what do they do?
Air filled sacs in the lungs that expand and contract with air. Capillaries are webs on the outside of the
alveoli, gas exchange takes place (CO2 in, O2 out) between these two structures.
2. What effect does exercise have on breathing rate? Increases breathing rate as the muscle cells of the body
need more oxygen.
3.3 Circulatory System
1. Sketch a heart labeling the 4 chambers and explain what those chambers do.
Right Atrium: Collects deoxygenated
blood from body, drops it into the
right ventricle
Right Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated
blood into lungs
Left Atrium: Collects oxygenated
blood from lungs
Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated
blood to body
2. Describe in detail the roles that the left and right sides of the heart play.
Right side collects deoxygenated blood from body and pumps it to the lungs
Left side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body
3. Describe the different jobs that the atria and ventricles have.
Atria are collectors, the “load” the ventricles.
Ventricles are stronger, larger chambers that pump blood to lungs and body
4. The vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all the parts of your body are
called____Arteries____________. The vessels that return blood from your body to the heart are called
_______Veins___________. The diffusion of nutrients and gases occurs in specialized blood vessels
called ______Capillaries_________________.
5. List the four different types of cells and materials found in blood and describe what they are responsible
for.
Red Blood Cells: Carry Oxygen
White Blood Cells: Fight infection
Platelets: Stop bleeding
Plasma: liquid (mostly water) that allows blood to flow and carries dissolved nutirents
3.4 Excretory System
1. What is excretion? The removal of metabolic waste from the body
2. The ___Liver_____________ is an organ that takes highly toxic ___Ammonia___________ out of the
bloodstream and converts it into a less harmful waste substance called ___Urea____________.
3. What is the role of the kidneys in the excretory system?
Filter urea from blood and add water and salt to create urine. They filter the blood in nephrons
4. Explain what the bladder is and how much urine the bladder can hold?
Bladder is a sac that holds up to 1 Liter of urine until it can be pushed through the urethra at a convenient
time.
5. Why do some people need to use a kidney dialysis machine and what does that machine do?
Kidney disease or Diabetes, Dialysis is an artificial way to filter the blood, it takes over the role of the
kidneys.
7.
What substance is excreted in sweat? Salt
3.5 Nervous System
1. What are the two most important systems of the nervous system? And what are they made up of?
a. Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
b. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): The nerves in the back of the head and the rest of the body
(Peripheral and Cranial nerves)
2. Explain what a sensory neuron does.
Sends information from the body to the brain, via the spinal cord (Info from PNS to CNS)
3. Explain what a motor neuron does.
Sends information from the brain to the body via the spinal cord (Info from CNS to PNS)
4. Explain the role of the somatic nervous system.
Voluntary nervous responses (things you choose to do. Ex) Walking to school)
5. Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system.
Automatic Nervous responses (things your body does unconsciously, without having to think. Ex)
breathing, blinking, digesting
6. What is the control centre for your whole body?
The Brain
7. The part that connects your brain to the other nerves throughout the body is called the ___Spinal
Cord_____________.
8. Responding to a noise you hear involves the ___Somatic and Autonomic Nervous_________ system
9. Your pupils adjusting to a dark room involves the ____Autonomic Nervous_______________ system.