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Chapter 15
Therapies for Psychological
Disorders
Objectives
15.1 Mental Health Practitioners and Settings
• Compare and contrast the roles of psychiatrists,
counseling psychologists, and clinical psychologists.
• Discuss the settings used by mental health
practitioners.
15.2 Psychodynamic Therapy
• Define psychodynamic therapy.
• Illustrate the techniques used in psychodynamic
therapy.
• Compare and contrast traditional psychoanalytic
therapy and short-term psychodynamic therapy.
Objectives
15.3 Humanistic Therapy
• Describe the role of genuineness, acceptance,
and empathy in client-centered approaches.
15.4 Behavior Therapy
• Explain the ways in which behavioral therapies
attempt to change maladaptive associations,
discourage maladaptive behaviors, or
encourage more adaptive ones.
• Compare and contrast classical conditioning and
operant conditioning.
Objectives
15.5 Cognitive Therapies
• Discuss Beck’s cognitive therapy and Ellis’s
rational emotive therapy as they relate to
cognitive therapy.
15.6 Family Systems and Group Therapy
• Illustrate how family systems therapy focuses on
how individuals function in their relationships
through communication patterns.
Objectives
15.7 Biomedical Therapies
• Explain the focus on changing physiological problems that
lead to psychological conditions in biomedical therapies.
• Compare and contrast the major classes of antidepressant
drugs, the major drug treatments for anxiety, and
antipsychotic medications.
• Discuss other nondrug medical treatments for psychological
conditions.
15.8 Evaluating Therapies for Psychological Disorders
• Describe how clinical trials test treatments for psychological
conditions.
• Discuss types of research that have provided evidence of the
efficacy of treatments for psychological disorders.
Mental Health Practitioners
(slide 1 of 2)
• Psychiatry: A branch of medicine that
treats mental and behavioral conditions
• Counseling psychologist: A mental
health professional who helps people
experiencing difficulty adjusting to life
stressors to achieve greater well-being
• Clinical psychologist: A mental health
practitioner who researches, evaluates,
and treats psychological conditions
Mental Health Practitioners
(slide 2 of 2)
Figure 15.01: Types of psychological training programs.
Settings for Mental Health
Practitioners
• Mental hospital: A medical center that
treats psychological conditions
• Outpatient: treatment settings that are
outside of a hospital
The Role of Psychotherapy
• Insight: An understanding of the
motivation of behavior
• Insight therapies: A family of
psychotherapies that focus on the
unconscious motivations of behavior
Psychodynamic Therapy
• Free association: A therapy technique that
reveals intrapsychic conflicts by interpreting
spontaneous responses to given words
• Dream analysis: A technique that reveals
intrapsychic conflicts through interpretations
of dreams
• Resistance: A client’s employment of a
defense mechanism during therapy
• Transference: A type of displacement in
which the client will unconsciously act out
relationships with the therapist
Types of Psychodynamic Therapy
Psychoanalysis
Figure 15.08: In classic
psychoanalysis, the therapist is
out of view of the client.
Short-Term Psychodynamic
Therapy
Figure 15.09: In short-term psychodynamic
therapy, client and therapist sit face to face
in a more goal oriented approach.
Humanistic Therapy
• Genuineness: Authenticity in a
relationship
• Acceptance: Communication of respect
• Empathy: An attempt to understand the
client’s inner world
Behavior Therapy
• Behavior therapy: A family of therapies
that use learning theory to change
behavior
Classical Conditioning Techniques
• Counterconditioning is a behavioral technique in
which a response to a stimulus is replaced by a
new response.
• Exposure therapy involves repeatedly presenting
the client with a distressing object in order to
reduce anxiety.
• Virtual reality exposure therapy involves the
repetitive presentation of a simulated distressing
object or situation in order to reduce anxiety.
• Aversive conditioning pairs an unpleasant
stimulus with an undesired behavior in order to
reduce the target behavior.
Operant Conditioning Techniques
• Operant conditioning involves training
emitted behaviors to make them more
likely to occur again.
• Operant techniques include:
– Positive reinforcement of adaptive behaviors
– Nonreinforcement or punishment of
maladaptive behaviors
Cognitive Therapies
• Beck’s cognitive therapy
• Ellis’s rational emotive therapy
Family Systems and Group Therapy
• Family therapy treats the immediate
social system, i.e., the family, to improve
individuals’ psychological functioning.
• Group therapy treats multiple clients in a
collective setting.
Biomedical Therapies: Drug
Treatments
• Biomedical therapies focus on surgery,
medication, or other physiological
interventions for the treatment of
psychological conditions
• Psychotropic medications are drugs used
to treat psychological conditions.
• Psychopharmacologists are researchers
and practitioners who study and often
prescribe psychiatric medications.
Antidepressant Drugs
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
• Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake
Inhibitors
Antianxiety Drugs
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
Antipsychotic Drugs
Medical Procedures
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) : A biological
treatment in which seizures are induced in
anesthetized patients
• Psychosurgery: Treatment of mental and
behavioral conditions using an invasive biological
procedure
– Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): A
procedure that uses electromagnetic coils to activate
nerve cells in the brain
– Deep brain stimulation (DBS): A surgical treatment
in which a medical device is used to send electrical
impulses to parts of the nervous system
Effectiveness of Therapies for
Psychological Disorders
• Clinical trial: The use of the scientific
method to test a treatment for a disorder
or condition
• Meta-analysis: A statistical technique that
pools the results of several research
studies
• Evidence-based practice: Selecting
therapy treatments using information
gained through research
Effectiveness of Different Therapies
Common Factors That Increase
Effectiveness
• Quality of the therapeutic relationship
– Genuineness and warmth
• Client factors
– Support
– Motivation
• Cultural factors