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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 14 Therapy Modified from: James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Psychotherapy Treatment involving psychological techniques; interactions between trained therapist & someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth Biomedical therapy Prescribed medication or medical procedures that act directly on nervous system Eclectic Approach Approach to psychotherapy that, depending on client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy Psychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis Freud believed patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams & transferences (& therapist’s interpretations) released previously repressed feelings, allowing patient to gain selfinsight Few still practice, but techniques & assumptions survive in psychodynamic therapies Resistance Blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material Psychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis Interpretation Analyst notes supposed dream meanings, resistances & other significant behaviors to promote insight Transference Patient transfers to analyst emotions linked with other relationships Ex. Love or hatred for parent Psychological Therapies: Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered (Person-Centered) Therapy (Rogers) Therapist uses techniques such as active listening within genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth Active Listening Feature of Client-Centered Therapy Empathic listening in which listener echoes, restates, & clarifies Psychological Therapies: Behavior Therapy Applies learning principles to elimination of unwanted behaviors Counterconditioning Based on classical conditioning Conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors Exposure therapies Treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to things they fear & avoid Aversive conditioning Associates unpleasant state with unwanted behavior Psychological Therapies: Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Associates pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli Commonly used for phobias Psychological Therapies: Behavior Therapy Aversive Conditioning Psychological Therapies: Behavior Therapy Token Economy Operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior Earn token for exhibiting desired behavior & can later exchange tokens for various privileges or treats Psychological Therapies: Cognitive Therapy Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking & acting Based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events & emotional reactions Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Psychological Therapies: Group & Family Therapy Group Therapy Family Therapy Treats family as system (no one is an island) Views individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members Attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships & improved communication Biomedical Therapies: Drug Therapies Psychopharmacology Study of effects of drugs on mind & behavior Biomedical Therapies: Drug Therapies Biomedical Therapies: ECT & Psychosurgery Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Therapy for severely depressed patients in which brief electric current is sent through anesthetized patient’s brain Psychosurgery Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in effort to change behavior Lobotomy Now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients Cut nerves connecting frontal lobes to emotioncontrolling centers of inner brain Mind-Body Interaction Everything psychological is simultaneously biological