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Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
angiosperm plant that produces
dormancy period of no growth
flowers and develops fruits
cone structure in most conifers or
cycads that contains reproductive
structures
gymnosperm plant that produces
seeds that are not part of a fruit
major greater in number, quantity,
or extent
nonvascular plant lacks specialized
pistil female reproductive organ of a
flower
pollination process of transferring
pollen grains to a female plant
structure of the same species
stamen male reproductive organ of
a flower
trait distinguishing characteristic of
an organism
tissues for transporting water and
nutrients
rhizoids structures that anchor a
plant without transport tissue to a
surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
stomata small openings in the
surface of most plant leaves
vascular plant has specialized
tissues, called vascular tissues, that
transport water and nutrients
throughout the plant
Introduction to Plants
3
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 3
diffusion movement of substances
from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration
organelle a structure in a eukaryotic
cell that performs a specific
function for the cell
osmosis diffusion of water
molecules through a membrane
stimulus any change in an
organism’s environment that
causes a response
transpiration release of water vapor
from stomata in leaves
tropism plant growth toward or
away from an external stimulus
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4
Introduction to Plants
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
A. What is a plant?
1.
provide humans with food, oxygen, building materials,
and many other things.
2. Plant and animal cells have many of the same
including a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
a. Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain
, which are
organelles that make food.
b. A plant cell is surrounded by a rigid
that helps
protect and support it.
3. Most plants have specialized structures called roots, stems,
and
.
a. Roots anchor a plant in the
, absorb water and
, and sometimes store
b.
.
are rootlike structures that anchor a plant without
transport tissue to a surface.
4. The function of stems is to help support a plant’s
and
a. There are two main types of stems are rigid woody stems and flexible, green
stems.
b. Tissues in stems help carry
and nutrients absorbed
by the roots to a plant’s leaves.
5. In most plants, photosynthesis occurs mainly in the
.
a. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into the chemical energy stored
in sugar inside
b. Through
in plant leaves.
, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
pass into and out of most plant leaves.
B. Nonvascular Plants
1.
plants are plants that lack specialized tissues for
transporting water and nutrients.
2. The divisions of nonvascular plants include
, liverworts,
and hornworts.
10
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
sometimes its flowers.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
3. Mosses have rootlike
and tiny green leaflike structures.
4. The two types of liverworts are
liverworts, which are
flat and lobed, and
structures attached to a central stalk.
liverworts, which have leaflike
5. Hornworts are named after their
structure, which
resembles a small horn.
C. Vascular Seedless Plants
1. Vascular plants have specialized vascular
that transport
and nutrients throughout the plant.
2. There are two groups of vascular plants—those that produce
and those that do not.
3. Vascular seedless plants include
, horsetails, and club
mosses.
a. Ferns have leaves called
that grow from an
underground stem called a(n)
.
b. Horsetails have abrasive
in their stems.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
c. Club mosses get their name from a(n)
structure that
resembles a club.
D. Vascular Seed Plants
1. Scientists organize vascular seed plants into two groups—those that produce
and those that do not.
2. Plants that produce seeds that are not part of a fruit are
called
.
a. The most common gymnosperms are
.
b. Conifers are usually evergreen and have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and most
produce
3.
that contain
.
are plants that produce flowers and develop fruits.
a. Flowering plants have many
that enable them to
survive in most habitats on Earth.
b. Angiosperms have many different kinds of
attract
Introduction to Plants
, which
and birds.
11
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Some terms
will be used more than once.
1. structures that anchor a plant without transport
tissue to a surface
A. angiosperm
B. gymnosperm
2. small openings in the surfaces of most plant leaves
C. nonvascular plants
3. plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting
D. rhizoids
water and nutrients
4. have specialized tissues that transport water and
E. stomata
F. vascular plants
nutrients throughout the plant
5. plants that produce seeds that are not part of a
fruit
6. plants that produce flowers and develop fruits
7. Conifers are the most common type.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. flowering plants that have many adaptations
enabling them to survive in most habitats on
Earth
9. plants that are divided into two groups—those
that produce seeds and those that do not
10. The divisions include mosses, liverworts, and
hornworts.
11. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen can pass
into and out of a leaf through this.
12. Scientists do not consider these to be roots,
because they do not have the transport tissues
that roots have.
Introduction to Plants
13
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Directions: Circle the term in each pair that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Plants have functions that make them a(n)
insignificant
part of the world.
vital
2. Animal cells and plant cells are
similar
in many ways.
herbaceous
3. Unlike an animal cell, a rigid
surrounds a plant cell and
helps protect and support it.
cell wall
cell membrane
4. Roots, stems, and leaves have specialized
anchor
tissues.
transport
5. Some plants have a larger main root, called a(n)
, that has
smaller roots growing from it.
taproot
6. A(n)
stem is flexible and green, such as the stem of a
bean plant.
herbaceous
woody
7. In most plants, leaves are the major sites for
stomata
photosynthesis
8. Most mosses are less than
5 cm
produce seeds.
do not
10. Grasses, flowering shrubs, and trees are examples of
vascular seed
14
tall.
15 cm
9. Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
do
.
plants.
nonvascular seed
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
prop root
Name
Date
Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 1
Language-Usage Activity: Pronouns
In a sentence, a pronoun takes the place of a noun, words that behave as a noun, or
another pronoun. A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of a sentence. An intensive
pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun, and usually appears directly after the word
it intensifies. Reflexive and intensive pronouns include myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. A demonstrative pronoun points out specific people,
places, ideas, or things. Demonstrative pronouns include this, that, these, and those.
Maya grew the radish plant herself. (reflexive)
Conifers themselves are used to make turpentine. (intensive)
These have underground stems. (demonstrative)
Directions: For each of the following sentences, identify and write the pronoun and pronoun type on the lines
provided.
1. Fibrous roots absorb water themselves.
2. We identified the plant ourselves as a vascular plant
because of its ability to produce seeds.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. A vascular plant transports water and nutrients throughout
itself using vascular tissue.
4. The biologist himself collected the specimens.
5. Those produce flowers because they are vascular plants.
6. Club mosses themselves grow in diverse climates.
7. Those only grow in the shade where they receive less
direct sunlight.
8. That is one of 260,000 species of flowering plants.
Introduction to Plants
15
Name
Date
Language Arts Support
Class
LESSON 1
Mechanics Activity: Comma Use in Compound Sentences
In a compound sentence, a comma can join clauses. The comma can be used to join two
main clauses that are connected with coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, and or.
Plants provide human beings with food and oxygen, and these are considered to be
ecosystem services.
There are many types of roots, but rhizoids are not a type of root.
Stems can store water, or they can store food.
Directions: Read the following sentences and add commas where necessary. Write C on the line if the sentence is
correct.
1. A woody stem is rough to the touch but an herbaceous stem is softer and more
flexible.
2. Leaves are the sites for photosynthesis in most plants and photosynthesis takes
place in chloroplasts.
3. Horsetails resemble the tails of horses and their stems contain silica, which
makes them abrasive.
fossil fuels are being consumed at a much greater rate than they are made.
5. Most plants can be classified as angiosperms or gymnosperms.
6. Many plants have specialized structures to attract specific insects and this is
part of what makes plants so diverse.
7. Some conifers have needlelike leaves and some conifers have scalelike leaves.
16
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Ancient forests provide much of the organic matter that is in fossil fuels but
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Key Concept How do a plant’s structures ensure its survival?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term is used
only once.
cell membrane
cell wall
central vacuole
chloroplast
mitochondrion
nucleus
1.
2.
6.
3.
5.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4.
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
7. What is the function of chloroplasts in a plant cell?
8. What role does the cell wall play in a plant cell?
9. What are some structures in plant cells that are not in animal cells?
18
Introduction to Plants
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Key Concept How do a plant’s structures ensure its survival?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Roots, stems, and leaves have functions that help (plants/animals) survive.
2. (Prop roots/Taproots) help support the plant.
3. (Prop/Fibrous) root systems consist of many small branching roots.
4. Roots (anchor/detach) a plant in the soil and enable it to grow upright so it won’t
be blown away by wind or be carried away by water.
5. Roots also absorb water and minerals from the soil, which plants require for
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(cellular processes/support).
6. (Roots/Stems) help support the leaves, and in some cases flowers, of a plant.
7. In some plants, such as cacti, stems store (water/food) that the plants use during dry
periods.
8. Some cells in a leaf contain many chloroplasts where light energy is converted into
chemical energy, which is stored in (proteins/sugar) during photosynthesis.
9. Trees and shrubs usually have (herbaceous/woody) stems; weeds and many
vegetables have (herbaceous/woody) stems.
10. Leaves also are involved in the exchange of gases (with the environment/between plants).
11. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen can pass into and out of a leaf through
(stomata/photosynthesis).
Introduction to Plants
19
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Key Concept How are the different plant types alike and different?
Directions: Change the underlined word(s) to make each false statement true. Write your changes on the lines
provided.
1. Plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients are vascular
plants.
2. The divisions of nonvascular plants include roots, stems, and leaves.
3. Rhizoids help anchor a moss and repel water.
4. The thallose liverwort is uneven and lobed.
5. A leafy liverwort has large, leaflike structures attached to a central stalk.
7. Vascular plants have specialized tissues, called vascular tissues, that absorb water and
nutrients throughout the plant.
8. Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses produce seeds.
9. A fern’s fronds grow from an underground stem called a rhizome. Ferns usually grow in
sunny locations.
10. Horsetails also are called scouring rushes due to an abrasive mineral called silica in the
leaves.
11. Present-day club mosses grow in comparable locations that include tropical and arctic
habitats.
20
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. A hornwort’s reproductive structure resembles a large bell.
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Key Concept How are the different plant types alike and different?
Directions: Complete the chart with the correct statements or phrases from the list in the space provided.
Angiosperms produce flowers and develop fruits.
Conifers are usually evergreen, meaning they stay green all year.
Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not part of a fruit.
The most common gymnosperms are conifers.
They have many adaptations that enable them to survive in most habitats on Earth.
They have many commercial uses, such as lumber and the production of paper products
and turpentine.
Their flowers are incredibly diverse.
Their specialized vascular tissues carry water and nutrients throughout the plants.
Flowering Seed Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Nonflowering Seed Plants
Introduction to Plants
21
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain
A. a nucleus.
B. chloroplasts.
C. mitochondria.
2. Where is the major site of photosynthesis in a plant?
A. the stem
B. the roots
C. the leaves
3. Which type of plants produce seeds in cones?
A. ferns
B. conifers
C. club mosses
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
leaves
A. angiosperms
B. gymnosperms
5. lack specialized tissues for transporting nutrients
C. nonvascular plants
6. have specialized tissues to transport materials
D. rhizoids
7. produce seeds without a fruit
E. vascular plants
8. produce seeds inside or on a fruit
F. stomata
9. anchors nonvascular plants to surfaces
24
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. small openings in the surfaces of most plant
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
Plant Diversity
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast a plant cell with an animal cell.
2. Describe the roles of roots, stems, and leaves in a plant.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Explain the main characteristics of gymnosperms.
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. small openings in the surfaces of most plant
leaves
A. angiosperms
B. cones
5. lack specialized tissues for transporting nutrients
C. gymnosperms
6. have specialized tissues to transport materials
D. nonvascular plants
7. produce seeds without a fruit
E. rhizoids
8. produce seeds inside or on a fruit
F. stomata
9. anchor nonvascular plants to surfaces
Introduction to Plants
G. vascular plants
25
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
A. Asexual Reproduction
1.
reproduction occurs when only a single parent
organism or part of that organism produces a new, genetically
, organism.
2. Farmers and florists often produce multiple plants that have desired
using asexual reproduction.
B. Sexual Reproduction
1. In
reproduction, male sex cells and female sex cells
each contribute
material to the offspring.
a. In plants, sperm are
sex cells.
b. Female sex cells are called
.
2. The process in which a sperm and an egg join and combine their genetic material
is called
.
3. Individuals produced by
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
reproduction have a different
genetic makeup than the parent organism or organisms.
C. Plant Life Cycles
1. The life cycle of every plant includes two stages—the gametophyte stage and the
stage.
a. In the gametophyte stage, a haploid spore, or haploid cell, produces a plant
structure or an entire plant called a gametophyte through
and cell division.
b. Male and female sex cells are produced by the
through
.
c. A male and a female sex cell combine to form a(n)
cell during fertilization.
d. The diploid cell divides through mitosis and cell division to form
the
2. Seedless plants can reproduce by
.
reproduction or by
producing spores.
Introduction to Plants
29
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
3. In seedless plants, sexual reproduction results in production of the
, which produces spores.
4. Most plants produce
that result from sexual
reproduction.
a. Pollen is transferred to a female plant structure in a process
called
.
b. If the sperm joins with the egg,
occurs.
c. After fertilization, the embryo and its food supply are enclosed within a
protective coat, forming a(n)
.
5. In most seed plants, the seed will go through a period of no growth
called
6.
.
is the process of a seed beginning to grow.
7. In gymnosperm reproduction, the
cone produces
pollen; the eggs, and eventually the seeds, are contained within the
cone.
8. Most flowers have
main structures.
might be brightly colored, which attracts insect
or animal pollinators.
b. The
are usually located beneath the petals and help
protect the flower when it is a bud.
c. The
is the female reproductive organ of a flower.
d. The male reproductive organ of a flower is the
.
9. The life cycle of a flowering plant includes gametophyte and
stages.
10. Plants have different
cycles.
a. A plant that grows from a seed and takes one growing season to flower is called
a(n)
.
b. Plants that take two growing seasons to flower are
called
.
c. Plants that grow and bud for many years are called
30
.
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a. The
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms
will be used more than once.
dormancy
pistil
pollination
stamen
1. The process of transferring pollen to a female plant structure is
called
.
2.
is a period of no growth.
3. The female reproductive organ of a flower is the
4. The
.
is the male reproductive organ of a flower.
5.
might last days, weeks, or years.
6. The anthers of the
produce pollen.
between growing seasons.
Directions: On the line before each description, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Some terms
may not be used at all.
8. Plants produce pollen, which contains sperm.
They also produce female structures, which
contain one or more eggs.
A. dormancy
B. pistil
C. pollination
9. When environmental conditions are favorable,
the seed will become active again.
D. stamen
10. It contains the ovary, where the seed develops.
32
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Biennials go through a period of
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. When does asexual
reproduction occur?
2. What are the two stages in the
life cycle of every plant?
3. List three examples of seedless
plants.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What must happen for
fertilization to occur?
5. What is germination?
6. List and describe one of the
four main structures of flowers.
7. What are annuals?
8. What are perennials?
Introduction to Plants
33
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Key Concept How do asexual and sexual reproduction in plants compare and contrast?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write A if the statement describes asexual reproduction or S if the
statement describes sexual reproduction.
1. Some plants don’t need seeds to make new plants.
2. This type of reproduction involves male sex cells and female sex cells.
3. Each sex cell contributes genetic material to the offspring.
4. This type of reproduction occurs when only one parent organism or part of that
organism produces a new organism.
5. The new organism is genetically identical to the parent.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg join, combining their genetic
material.
7. Farmers and florists often use this type of reproduction to produce multiple
plants that have desired traits.
8. This type of reproduction produces individuals that have a different genetic
makeup than the parent organism(s).
9. Seedless plants and seed plants can reproduce in this way.
10. Some plants can be grown from a leaf, a stem, or another plant part.
11. Like animals, plants produce sperm (male sex cells) and eggs (female sex cells).
Introduction to Plants
35
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Key Concept How do asexual and sexual reproduction in plants compare and contrast?
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question on the lines provided.
Diploid zygote
Diploid plant
Fertilization
Meiosis
Sperm
Egg
Haploid spores
Haploid plant
1. How does the gametophyte stage begin?
3. How does the gametophyte produce male and female sex cells?
4. What happens when a male and a female sex cell combine?
5. What signals the beginning of the sporophyte stage?
36
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Through what two processes does the spore produce a plant structure or gametophyte?
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Key Concept What are the differences between the life cycles of seedless and seed plants?
Directions: On the line before each answer, write the letter of the question that matches it correctly. Each
question is used only once.
A. What are seedless plants?
B. What are some examples of seedless plants?
C. How is the sporophyte produced?
D. Between what two stages does the life cycle of a fern alternate?
E. What is pollination?
F. What happens after fertilization occurs?
G. What is germination?
H. What is the beginning of the sporophyte stage of seed plants?
1. from sexual reproduction
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. plants that do not produce seeds
3. mosses, liverworts, and ferns
4. the process of transferring pollen to a female plant structure
5. a gametophyte and a sporophyte stage
6. the diploid cell undergoes many cell divisions, forming an embryo
7. the embryo
8. the process of a seed beginning to grow
Introduction to Plants
37
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Key Concept What are the differences between the life cycles of seedless and seed plants?
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. What role do male and female
cones play in gymnosperm
reproduction?
2. List the six parts of a flower.
3. What are male flowers and female
flowers?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. List two characteristics of
dormancy.
5. Compare and contrast the
gametophyte stage and the
sporophyte stage.
38
Introduction to Plants
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. Sexual reproduction occurs when only one parent organism produces a new
organism.
2. Some seedless plants reproduce using spores.
3. Gymnosperms reproduce through the use of male and female flowers.
4. The stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower.
Matching
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
5. the diploid stage of a plant
A. dormancy
6. the haploid stage of a plant
B. biennial
7. period of no plant growth
C. gametophyte
8. transfer of pollen to a female plant structure
D. pollination
E. sporophyte
9. takes two growing seasons to produce flowers
Introduction to Plants
43
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Plant Reproduction
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast the sexual reproductive structures of angiosperms and
gymnosperms.
2. Describe the part that spores play in the life cycle of a seedless plant.
3. Explain how scientists might compare a plant to its parent to determine whether it was
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. the diploid stage of a plant
A. asexual reproduction
5. the haploid stage of a plant
B. dormancy
6. period of no plant growth
C. gametophyte
7. transfer of pollen to a female plant structure
D. biennial
E. pollination
8. takes two growing seasons to produce flowers
F. sporophyte
G. stamen
44
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
created through sexual or asexual reproduction.
Name
Date
Class
Content Vocabulary
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. You must include the terms below in your answer.
diffusion
organelle
osmosis
stimulus
transpiration
tropism
1. What is a tropism? Distinguish between positive phototropism and negative phototropism.
2. Through what process is water vapor released in plants? Why is the release of water vapor
important to plants?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Why are osmosis and diffusion important to nonvascular plants?
4. What is a stimulus? Provide examples of internal and external stimuli.
5. What is an organelle? Why are organelles important to plants?
Introduction to Plants
47
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
A. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. During
, plants absorb light energy from the Sun and
convert it into chemical energy.
2. Organisms get the energy they need for life processes by releasing energy from food
in the process of
respiration.
3. In most plants, photosynthesis occurs inside
organelles called
cells in
.
a. Chloroplasts contain
, a green pigment that absorbs
light energy.
b. Light energy splits apart
molecules into hydrogen
atoms and oxygen atoms.
c. Some of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis leaves the plant through
the
.
d. Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen atoms from water and forms a type of
sugar called
.
photosynthesis and releases the sugar’s
.
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and the
b. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and
carbon dioxide,
.
and releases
, and energy.
c. Energy released from glucose molecules is stored in a molecule called adenosine
triphosphate, or
.
5. Plants are important to life on Earth because organisms use the
of photosynthesis for
.
B. Movement of Nutrients and Water
1. Water and
must move inside plants for processes such
as photosynthesis and cellular respiration to occur.
a. In nonvascular plants, the movement or transport of materials occurs through
and osmosis.
48
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. The process of cellular respiration breaks down glucose produced during
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
b. In
plants, water and nutrients move inside specialized
vascular tissues.
2. Roots and
the
of plants absorb water and nutrients from
.
a. Water is used for
and is also part of many other
chemical reactions inside cells.
b.
and other nutrients from the soil become parts of the
compounds needed for cell growth and maintenance.
3. The release of water vapor from stomata in leaves is called
.
C. Plant Responses
1. A(n)
is any change in an organism’s environment that
causes a response.
2. Plants respond to external and
stimuli.
a. External stimuli include light, touch, and
.
b. Internal stimuli are chemicals, called
, that a plant
produces.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
c. Plant hormones can affect growth, seed
, or
ripening.
d. Hormones that increase growth do so by increasing the rate of
and cell
3. A(n)
.
is plant growth toward or away from an external
stimulus.
a. The growth of a plant toward a light source is called
positive
.
b. The roots of a plant generally grow into the soil away from light, an example
of negative
.
c. The downward growth of roots is also an example of
positive
.
d. A plant’s stems and leaves grow upward in the opposite direction of the pull
of gravity, which is negative
e. A plant’s response to touch is called
Introduction to Plants
.
.
49
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Some terms
will be used more than once.
1. Plants release excess water as water vapor.
A. transpiration
B. stimulus
2. any changes in an organism’s environment that
C. tropism
cause a response
3. when a plant grows toward a light source
4. include light, touch, and gravity
5. A plant can respond in a number of ways.
6. This process helps move water from the roots
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
upward through the vascular tissue to the leaves.
7. This movement provides water for photosynthesis
and helps cool a plant on hot days.
8. plant growth toward or away from an external
stimulus
9. the release of water vapor from stomata in leaves
Introduction to Plants
51
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Directions: Circle the term in each pair that correctly completes each sentence.
1. For most plants, photosynthesis takes place in the
.
A. roots
B. leaves
2. Photosynthesis can be shown by the following equation:
.
A. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
B. 6CO4 + 2H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. Cells
use the energy released from glucose molecules all
at once.
A. can
B. cannot
4. In your body’s cells,
breaks down food and stores the
energy from food in ATP.
B. photosynthesis
5. Sugars and oxygen are the products of
.
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
6. The movement or transport of materials in plants occurs through
in nonvascular plants.
A. absorption and transpiration
B. diffusion and osmosis
7. In vascular plants,
move inside specialized vascular tissues.
A. water and nutrients
B. absorption and transpiration
52
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A. cellular respiration
Name
Date
Math Skills
Class
LESSON 3
Use Proportions
1 = __
2 . If one of the numbers
A proportion is an equation of two equal ratios. For example, __
4
2
in a proportion is unknown, you can cross multiply to solve for the unknown number. For
2 = __
4 , then
example, if __
x
3
2(x) = 4 × 3
2(x) = 12
x=6
In a cell, a glucose molecule breaks down first without oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) and
then with oxygen (aerobic metabolism). During anaerobic metabolism, 1 molecule of
glucose produces 6 ATP molecules. How many ATP molecules do 10 glucose molecules
produce during anaerobic metabolism?
Step 1
Use the information in the problem to write a proportion. The same unit will be in
the numerator of each fraction, and the other unit will be in the denominator.
1
molecule glucose
10 molecules glucoes
________________
= __________________
6 molecules ATP
x molecule ATP
Step 2 Cross multiply.
x = 6 × 10
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
x = 60 molecules ATP
Practice
1. During aerobic metabolism, 1 glucose
3. During aerobic metabolism, 1 glucose
molecule produces 30 ATP molecules.
How many ATP molecules do 50 glucose
molecules produce during aerobic
metabolism?
molecule produces 30 ATP molecules.
How many glucose molecules will
produce 450 ATP molecules?
2. During anaerobic metabolism, 1 glucose
4. In one day, an ATP molecule is reused
molecule produces 6 ATP molecules.
How many glucose molecules will
produce 216 ATP molecules during
anaerobic metabolism?
Introduction to Plants
about 1,200 times in a human body.
About how many times is an ATP
molecule reused during a week?
53
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Key Concept What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Directions: Put a check mark on the line in front of each true statement.
1.
A. During cellular respiration, a plant produces sugar that it uses as food.
B. During photosynthesis, a plant produces sugar that it uses as food.
2.
A. Organisms need light for growth, repair, movement, and other life processes.
B. Organisms need energy for growth, repair, movement, and other life processes.
3.
A. Cellular respiration is the process of releasing energy by breaking down food.
B. Photosynthesis is the process of releasing energy by breaking down food.
4.
A. Plants absorb light energy from the Sun and convert it into chemical energy
in a process called cellular respiration.
B. Plants absorb light energy from the Sun and convert it into chemical energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
in a process called photosynthesis.
5.
A. The chlorophyll within chloroplasts is what gives most plants their green
color.
B. The hydrogen atoms within chloroplasts are what give most plants their
green color.
6.
A. Photosynthesis occurs inside chloroplasts.
B. Photosynthesis occurs inside stomata.
7.
A. Carbon dioxide enters a leaf through stomata, combines with the hydrogen
atoms, and forms glucose, which is a type of sugar.
B. Oxygen enters a leaf through stomata, combines with the hydrogen atoms,
and forms glucose, which is a type of sugar.
Introduction to Plants
55
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Key Concept What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
2. Write the equation for cellular respiration.
3. Compare and contrast the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
5. During cellular respiration, where is the energy released from glucose stored?
6. What are the waste products of cellular respiration?
7. Why are plants so important to life on Earth?
56
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Where does cellular respiration occur?
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Key Concept How do water and nutrients move in vascular and nonvascular plants?
Directions: Label this diagram by describing each stage in the process of transpiration in the space provided.
1.
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3.
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
diffusion
nonvascular plants
osmosis
rhizoids
roots
transpiration
vascular plants
water
4.
is the movement of substances from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
5.
is the diffusion of water molecules through a membrane.
6. In
, water and nutrients move inside specialized vascular
tissues.
7.
and
absorb water and
nutrients from soil.
8. Plants release excess
called
Introduction to Plants
as water vapor in a process
.
57
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Key Concept How do plants respond to environmental changes?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
Plants respond to external and internal stimuli. (1.) (External/Internal) stimuli
include light, touch, and gravity. (2.) (External/Internal) stimuli occur inside a plant in the
form of (3.) (wastes/chemicals), called hormones, that a plant produces. Plants produce
many different hormones. They can affect growth, seed germination, or fruit ripening. The
hormones that promote growth (4.) (decrease/increase) the rate of mitosis and cell divisions.
Some hormones slow growth, and farmers can use them to help control weeds. One type of
hormone can cause seeds to germinate by starting the breakdown of the stored food in a
(5.) (seed/leaf). This releases energy needed for new (6.) (growth/germination). Another
plant hormone often is used to speed up the ripening of fruit that is sold in grocery stores.
Directions: On the line before each statement, write P if the statement describes phototropism, G if the statement
describes gravitropism, or T if the statement describes thigmotropism.
8. A plant responds to touch.
9. A plant responds to gravity.
10. The first root produced by a germinating seed grows downward.
11. A vine’s tendrils coil around another plant.
12. Growing toward a light source enables leaves and stems to receive the maximum
amount of light for photosynthesis.
58
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. A plant grows toward a light source.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
True or False
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. A vine coiling around the stem of another plant is an example of gravitropism.
2. The movement or transport of materials in nonvascular plants occurs through
diffusion and vascular tissue.
3. Plant processes such as growth, repair, and reproduction use carbon dioxide for
energy.
Matching
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
4. use of light energy to make sugars
A. chlorophyll
5. release of water vapor through stomata
B. hormone
6. change that causes a response
C. cellular respiration
7. chemicals that cause an internal response
D. stimulus
E. transpiration
8. pigment that absorbs light energy
9. breakdown of sugars to release energy
F. tropism
G. photosynthesis
10. plant growth toward or away from a stimulus
Introduction to Plants
61
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 3
Plant Processes
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Describe an example of thigmotropism.
2. Explain why the transport of water throughout a plant is necessary.
3. Distinguish between ATP and glucose as sources of energy.
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
4. use of light energy to make sugars
A. cellular respiration
5. release of water vapor through stomata
B. chlorophyll
6. change that causes a response
C. glucose
7. chemical that causes an internal response
D. hormone
E. photosynthesis
8. pigment that absorbs light energy
9. breakdown of sugars to release energy
10. plant growth toward or away from an external
F. stimulus
G. transpiration
H. tropism
stimulus
62
Introduction to Plants
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Matching
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Plant Diversity
A. What is a plant?
/Volumes/107/GO00796/MIDDLE_SCHOOL_SCIENCE_2012/NATIONAL/ANCILLARY/MSS_CHAPTE...
1. Plants provide humans with food, oxygen, building materials, and many other things.
2. Plant and animal cells have many of the same organelles including a nucleus,
mitochondria, and ribosomes.
a. Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are organelles that
make food.
b. A plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall that helps protect and support it.
3. Most plants have specialized structures called roots, stems, and leaves.
food.
a. Roots anchor a plant in the soil, absorb water and minerals, and sometimes store
surface.
b. Rhizoids are rootlike structures that anchor a plant without transport tissue to a
4. The function of stems is to help support a plant’s leaves and sometimes its flowers.
herbaceous stems.
a. There are two main types of stems are rigid woody stems and flexible, green
b. Tissues in stems help carry water and nutrients absorbed by the roots to a plant’s
leaves.
5. In most plants, photosynthesis occurs mainly in the leaves.
in sugar inside chloroplasts in plant leaves.
a. During photosynthesis, light energy is converted into the chemical energy stored
b. Through stomata, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass into and out of
most plant leaves.
B. Nonvascular Plants
and nutrients.
1. Nonvascular plants are plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water
2. The divisions of nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
3. Mosses have rootlike rhizoids and tiny green leaflike structures.
leafy liverworts, which have leaflike structures attached to a central stalk.
4. The two types of liverworts are thallose liverworts, which are flat and lobed, and
5. Hornworts are named after their reproductive structure, which resembles a small horn.
throughout the plant.
Introduction to Plants
1. Vascular plants have specialized vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients
C. Vascular Seedless Plants
T2
Lesson Outline continued
do not.
2. There are two groups of vascular plants—those that produce seeds and those that
3. Vascular seedless plants include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.
rhizome.
a. Ferns have leaves called fronds that grow from an underground stem called a(n)
b. Horsetails have abrasive silica in their stems.
c. Club mosses get their name from a(n) reproductive structure that resembles a club.
D. Vascular Seed Plants
and those that do not.
1. Scientists organize vascular seed plants into two groups—those that produce flowers
a. The most common gymnosperms are conifers.
2. Plants that produce seeds that are not part of a fruit are called gymnosperms.
produce cones that contain seeds.
b. Conifers are usually evergreen and have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and most
3. Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and develop fruits.
habitats on Earth.
a. Flowering plants have many adaptations that enable them to survive in most
b. Angiosperms have many different kinds of flowers, which attract insects and birds.
Discussion Question
Do nonvascular plants have roots, stems, and leaves? Explain your answer.
T3
4/13/10 11:57:45 AM
No, nonvascular plants have roots, stems, and leaves. Roots, stems, and leaves contain
vascular tissues, which nonvascular plants do not have. Instead, nonvascular plants have
structures such as rhizoids that perform similar functions.
Introduction to Plants
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Plant Reproduction
A. Asexual Reproduction
organism produces a new, genetically identical, organism.
1. Asexual reproduction occurs when only a single parent organism or part of that
asexual reproduction.
2. Farmers and florists often produce multiple plants that have desired traits using
B. Sexual Reproduction
1. In sexual reproduction, male sex cells and female sex cells each contribute genetic
material to the offspring.
a. In plants, sperm are male sex cells.
b. Female sex cells are called eggs.
Lesson Outline continued
6. Germination is the process of a seed beginning to grow.
eventually the seeds, are contained within the female cone.
7. In gymnosperm reproduction, the male cone produces pollen; the eggs, and
T5
a. The petals might be brightly colored, which attracts insect or animal pollinators.
8. Most flowers have four main structures.
when it is a bud.
b. The sepals are usually located beneath the petals and help protect the flower
c. The pistil is the female reproductive organ of a flower.
d. The male reproductive organ of a flower is the stamen.
9. The life cycle of a flowering plant includes gametophyte and sporophyte stages.
10. Plants have different growth cycles.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a. A plant that grows from a seed and takes one growing season to flower is called
a(n) annual.
2. The process in which a sperm and an egg join and combine their genetic material is
called fertilization.
c. Plants that grow and bud for many years are called perennials.
Discussion Question
Contrast the types of cells produced by sporophytes and gametophytes.
Sporophytes make spores. Gametophytes produce gametes (sperm and eggs).
Introduction to Plants
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4/13/10 11:57:47 AM
b. Plants that take two growing seasons to flower are called biennials.
4/13/10 11:57:46 AM
3. Individuals produced by sexual reproduction have a different genetic makeup than
the parent organism or organisms.
C. Plant Life Cycles
sporophyte stage.
1. The life cycle of every plant includes two stages—the gametophyte stage and the
a. In the gametophyte stage, a haploid spore, or haploid cell, produces a plant
structure or an entire plant called a gametophyte through mitosis and cell
division.
b. Male and female sex cells are produced by the gametophyte through meiosis.
fertilization.
c. A male and a female sex cell combine to form a(n) diploid cell during
d. The diploid cell divides through mitosis and cell division to form the sporophyte.
2. Seedless plants can reproduce by asexual reproduction or by producing spores.
which produces spores.
3. In seedless plants, sexual reproduction results in production of the sporophyte,
a. Pollen is transferred to a female plant structure in a process called pollination.
4. Most plants produce seeds that result from sexual reproduction.
b. If the sperm joins with the egg, fertilization occurs.
protective coat, forming a(n) seed.
c. After fertilization, the embryo and its food supply are enclosed within a
dormancy.
Introduction to Plants
5. In most seed plants, the seed will go through a period of no growth called
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T4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 3: Plant Processes
A. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Lesson Outline continued
1. A(n) stimulus is any change in an organism’s environment that causes a response.
C. Plant Responses
2. Plants respond to external and internal stimuli.
a. External stimuli include light, touch, and gravity.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b. Internal stimuli are chemicals, called hormones, that a plant produces.
1. During photosynthesis, plants absorb light energy from the Sun and convert it into
chemical energy.
c. Plant hormones can affect growth, seed germination, or fruit ripening.
C222_082_087_CRF_AnsOut_892488.i87 87
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4/13/10 11:57:48 AM
T7
Photosynthesis uses energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water and releases
energy. In other words, the products in photosynthesis are the reactants that are needed for
cellular respiration.
In what way can photosynthesis and cellular respiration be considered opposite processes?
Discussion Question
e. A plant’s response to touch is called thigmotropism.
gravity, which is negative gravitropism.
d. A plant’s stems and leaves grow upward in the opposite direction of the pull of
c. The downward growth of roots is also an example of positive gravitropism.
negative phototropism.
b. The roots of a plant generally grow into the soil away from light, an example of
a. The growth of a plant toward a light source is called positive phototropism.
3. A(n) tropism is plant growth toward or away from an external stimulus.
division.
d. Hormones that increase growth do so by increasing the rate of mitosis and cell
2. Organisms get the energy they need for life processes by releasing energy from food
in the process of cellular respiration.
4/13/10 11:57:47 AM
3. In most plants, photosynthesis occurs inside leaf cells in organelles called chloroplasts.
a. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy.
b. Light energy splits apart water molecules into hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms.
stomata.
c. Some of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis leaves the plant through the
d. Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen atoms from water and forms a type of
sugar called glucose.
4. The process of cellular respiration breaks down glucose produced during
photosynthesis and releases the sugar’s energy.
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.
b. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose and releases carbon dioxide, water,
and energy.
triphosphate, or ATP.
c. Energy released from glucose molecules is stored in a molecule called adenosine
5. Plants are important to life on Earth because organisms use the products of
photosynthesis for cellular respiration.
B. Movement of Nutrients and Water
and cellular respiration to occur.
1. Water and nutrients must move inside plants for processes such as photosynthesis
diffusion and osmosis.
a. In nonvascular plants, the movement or transport of materials occurs through
b. In vascular plants, water and nutrients move inside specialized vascular tissues.
2. Roots and rhizoids of plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
reactions inside cells.
a. Water is used for photosynthesis and is also part of many other chemical
needed for cell growth and maintenance.
b. Minerals and other nutrients from the soil become parts of the compounds
Introduction to Plants
3. The release of water vapor from stomata in leaves is called transpiration.
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T6
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.