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Vertebral column ♥ ♥ Nuha, Ananya, Jason, Deepak Purpose of the Vertebrae • Vertebral bodies are the weight bearing structures of the spinal column. • Upper body weight is distributed through the spine to the sacrum and pelvis. • The natural curves in the spine provide resistance and elasticity in distributing body weight during movement. Functions of the Vertebral Column • Protection Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots • Many internal organs • Base for Attachment Ligaments • Tendons • Muscles • Structural Support Head, shoulders, chest • Connects upper and lower body • Balance and weight distribution • Flexibility and Mobility Flexion (forward bending) • • • • • Extension (backward bending) Side bending (left and right) Rotation (left and right) Combination of above Other Bones produce red blood cells • Mineral storage Summary of bones Term Cervical # of vertebrae 7 Body Area Abbreviati on Neck C1-C7 Thoracic 12 Chest Lumbar 5 or 6 Lower Back L1-L5 Sacrum 5 (fused) Pelvis S1-S5 Coccyx 5 Tailbone None T1-T12 Cervical Vertebrae (C1 – C7) • The Occiput (C0), known as the Occipital Bone, is a flat bone that forms the back of the head. • The upper cervical region is C1 and C2 • Lower cervical region is C3 – C7 Cervical Cont. Atlas (C1) This vertebra supports the skull. Its shape is different from the others. Axis (C2) The “dens” is a tooth like process. The dens is a type of pivot where the atlas and head can rotate. Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 – T12) • The thoracic vertebrae increase in size as it moves down the spine. • Pedicles, long spinous processes. • Large intervertebral foramen (neural passageways), which help in avoiding nerve compressions. 1-Vertebral Body 2-Spinous Process 3Transverse Facet 4-Pedicle 5-Foramen 6-Lamina 7-Superior Facet Thoracic Cont. • The rib cage is joined to the thoracic vertebrae. • At T11 and T12, the ribs don’t attach, so they are called "floating ribs." • The thoracic spine's range of motion is limited because of all the connections and processes. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 – L5) • The lumbar vertebrae get bigger from L1 to L5. • These vertebrae bear much of the body's weight and biomechanical stress. • The pedicles are longer and wider than those in the thoracic spine. • The spinous processes are horizontal and more squared in shape. • The intervertebral foramen (neural passageways) are large but nerve root compression is more common than in the thoracic spine. Sacral and Coccyx • The Sacrum is behind the pelvis. • Five bones (abbreviated S1 through S5) are fused into a triangular shape. • The sacrum fits between the two hipbones connecting the spine to the pelvis. • The last lumbar vertebra (L5) moves with the sacrum. • Below the sacrum are 5 additional bones, fused together to form the Coccyx (tailbone). Markings and landmarks Deepak Sela http://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/wp-content/2009/11/Heim_Anatomy_new.gif http://upload.vipulg.com/Zoology/759/Chapter.43.final_files/Chapter.43.final-9.png http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/lahr/LE2000/Back/FinishedPics/JPEGs/InterJt.jpg http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/sports_medicine/84611-93418-94387-94528.jpg http://www.chiropractic-help.com/images/atlasaxis.jpg http://www.chiropractic-help.com/images/sacroiliac_anatomy.jpg http://musom.marshall.edu/anatomy/grosshom/allppt/pdf/Vertebral%20Column%20Lecturef.pdf Muscle Name Cervical Region Description Sternocleidomastoid Head movement (extension, rotation) Vertebral column flexion Spinalis Cervicis/Spinalis Capitus Extends and rotates the head Iliocostalis Cervicis Extends cervical vertebrae Longissimus Cervicis Rotates the head and pulls backward Obliquus Capitus Superior Rotates and bends the head laterally Muscle Name Thoracic Region Description Longissimus Thoracis Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column, rib rotation Iliocostalis Thoracis Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column, rib rotation Spinalis Thoracis Extends the vertebral column Muscle Name Lumbar Region Description Psoas Major Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and the vertebral column Quadratus Lumborum Lateral flexion of the vertebral column Multifidus Extension and rotation of the vertebral column http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/subject.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17 Spinal Cord Injury • Can occur anywhere on the vertebral column • These injuries damage the cells on the spine and this causes there to be less communication between the brain and the body parts below the region of damage • Effects of a SCI may include low blood pressure, inability to regulate blood pressure effectively, reduced control of body temperature, inability to sweat below the level of injury, and chronic pain. Complete and Incomplete Injuries • Both injuries are caused by deep impact or trauma, but they differ in the intensity and overall effects in the spine. • These include falls, vehicular collisions and freak accidents. • Characteristics of a spinal column injury include broken cervical, thoracic and lumbar bones. • Fractures and dislocations in the spinal column also contribute to injury. Complete Spinal Cord Injury • Generally persons with a complete spinal cord injury suffer a loss of sensation and motor ability caused by bruising, loss of blood to the spinal cord, or pressure on the spinal cord Incomplete Injuries • Incomplete injuries are damages in the spinal column, but they don’t affect the spinal cord directly to cause total paralysis. Herniated Disc L4 - L5 and L5 - S1 are the most likely to herniate Herniated Disc: As the spinal disc becomes less elastic, it can rupture. When the disc ruptures, a portion of the spinal disc pushes outside its normal boundary • The effects of this can cause pain and numbness that can radiate through the leg and extend down to the feet. Scoliosis • Scoliosis affects about 2% of the population. It’s most common in young girls, but boys and adults can have scoliosis, too. • Scoliosis is the sideways curvature of the vertebral column • Slight curvatures can usually be treated with a brace • More severe curvatures are treated with surgery • Scoliosis and other bone ailments are treated by an orthopedic doctor The Spine Song!! For those of you who care… Works Cited ANATOMY. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www2.ma.psu.edu/~pt/renee384/anatomy.htm >. "Anatomy of the Spine - The Southern California Orthopedic Institute." Southern California Orthopedic Institute (SCOI) Home Page. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.scoi.com/spinanat.htm>. “Anatomy of the Spine: vertebrae, sacrolilic joints, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum.” The Parts of Your Spine and How They Work. DePuy Spine, 2009. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www.allaboutbackandneckpain.com//.asp>. Bjorkegren, Margaret E. “Joints Of The Vertebral Column.” Joints Of The Vertebral Column. Stasophere, 22 Oct. 2010. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://chestofbooks.com////Of-Anatomy-For-Students-Of-Massage/Of-The-Vertebral-Column.html>. Chang, Kao-Wha, MD. "Spine Anatomy." Taiwan Spine Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www.taiwanspinecenter.com.tw/tsc_e/web/00_anatomy/01anatomy_1.htm >. Crimando, J. "Vertebrae Anatomy Tutorial." GateWay Community College | Degrees & Workforce Training. Jan. 2008. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/vert/vertut1.ht m>. George, Tony. “Human Spinal Cord.” Disabled World. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. <http://www.disabled-world.com///_picture.shtml>. Gerald A Malanda, Dr and Mehnert, Michael J, Dr. "Cervical Spine." eMedicine. Medscape, 2010. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/94387-media >. Hanz, William. “Vertebral Column Injuries.” eHow. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. <http://www.ehow.com/_5551867_vertebral-column-injuries.html>. “Ligaments and Joints of the Vertebral Column.” Ligaments and Joints of the Vertebral Column. N.p., 30 Mar. 2006. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://download.videohelp.com///.htm>. “Spinal Cord Injury (SCI).” Student Nurses Community. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. <http://nursingcrib.com/study/cord-injury-sci/>. “The Vertebral Column and Vertebrae.” Apparelyzed. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2010. <http://www.apparelyzed.com/.html>. “Understanding Spinal Anatomy: Ligaments, Tendons and Muscles .” Understanding Spinal Anatomy: Ligaments, Tendons and Muscles . Colorado Comprehensive Spine Institute, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/.php?pn=anatomy-ligaments-17>. "Vertebral Column." Back Pain, Neck Pain, Sciatica - Symptoms Exercises Treatments Causes. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy/vertebral-column>. “Vertebral Column Lecture.” VERTEBRAL COLUMN. Marshall University, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. <http://musom.marshall.edu/////%20Column%20Lecturef.pdf>. "Wellbe. Dictionary." Wellbe. Homepage. Web. 03 Dec. 2010. <http://www.wellbe.info/dictionary/?letterr=K&letter=V>.