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9/25/2013 Hard Questions In a globalized world, connections are many, yet simple answers are few. Thinking Geographically Why do poor farmers in Kenya grow coffee and tea when they could grow food to feed the hungry? Hard Questions Hard Questions So Vast much food! Why so many hungry? wealth! Why so many poor? Hard Questions Hard Questions Tons How of land! Only grow food where? to balance tensions caused by: Globalization: circumstances placing people into greater interaction with each other Local Diversity: people searching for more ways to express their unique traditions & practices 1 9/25/2013 Globalization Local Diversity Vanilla Chai Tea Iced Frappé ~Canada~ McPatatas ~Mexico~ Let’s take a moment & imagine… Bulgogi Burger ~South Korea~ McFloats ~Japan~ Benedict Bagel ~New Zealand~ McSpicy Paneer ~India~ Spinach & Parmesan Cheese Nuggets ~Italy~ Chicken Baguette ~France~ Cheese Empanadas ~Chile~ Geography!!! Answering Hard Questions? Scientific Historians: study of the location of people & activities across Earth, & the reasons for their distribution. Coined by Greek scholar Eratosthenes “geo” = “earth” “graphy” = “to write” “why of when?”—TIME Logical sequence of human activities Action at one time can result from past actions & can affect future ones Geographers: “why of where?”—SPACE Logical arrangement of human activities Action at one place result from an action at another place & can affect conditions at other places Answering Hard Questions? Answering Hard Questions? Physical Examples Geography seeks ask/answer those questions about the natural environment Human Geography seeks to ask/answer those questions about the human made places & the people found on Earth’s surface Both implore a spatial perspective of spatial perspective questions: Why & how do things come together in certain places to product certain outcomes? Why are some things found in certain places & not in others? How do the characteristics of particular places shape what happens? To what extent do things in one place influence those in other places? Why do differences across space matter? 2 9/25/2013 Five Themes of Geography Movement Where on earth is the space? relative or absolute, address, latitude/longitude Five Themes of Geography: Location Absolute Location: Location Region Place Interaction Five Themes of Geography: Location Five Themes of Geography: Location Absolute Relative Location Location: Southmoore High White House 2901 S. Santa Fe Ave. Moore, OK 73160 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Washington, DC 20500 35º18’39.79”N 97º30’53.12”W 38º53’52.22”N 77º2’11.44”W Five Themes of Geography Movement Where on earth is the space? relative or absolute, address, latitude/longitude Location Oklahoma is in the middle of the United States Oakridge Elementary is just south of Southmoore High School New Orleans is on the Mississippi River near Lake Pontchartrain Java is just east of Sumatra Five Themes of Geography: Place Toponym: World’s longest is in Wales, UK: USA’s longest is in Webster, Massachusetts: Where are this space’s characteristics? Place land features, climate, culture, language, religion, landmarks Region a place’s “name” Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllamtysiliogogogoch Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg Interaction 3 9/25/2013 Five Themes of Geography : Place Five Themes of Geography : Place Sense Site: of Place Placelessness Uniqueness; feels “like home” Commonness; just like everywhere else physical character of a place Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, elevation, etc. But can, at times, be modified by humans Five Themes of Geography : Place Levittown, NY (or PA or ???) Bourbon St., New Orleans, LA Five Themes of Geography Movement Where on earth is the space? relative or absolute, address, latitude/longitude Location Where are this space’s characteristics? Region Place land features, climate, culture, language, religion, landmarks Interaction What is the relationship between the space’s people & environment? adaptation, modifications, reliance upon Five Themes of Geography : Interaction Five Themes of Geography : Interaction Cultural Cultural Landscape: Visible imprint of human activity upon a space giving it a particular form “… the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by the activities of man …” Landscape & ensuing debate: Environmental Determinism Possibilism Nile River Valley, Egypt Dikes, North Sea & Netherlands “Culture is the agent, the natural landscape is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.” ~Carl Sauer~ UC Berkeley geography professor 4 9/25/2013 Five Themes of Geography : Interaction Five Themes of Geography : Interaction Sequent Sequent Occupance: Coined by Derwent Whittlesey to identify cultural landscape “imprints” made over time at same place (sometimes layered) Occupance: For example: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania East Africans → Arabs (1866) → Germans (1891) → British (end of WWI) → migrants from British India → East African independence (1961) Mosque in Dar es Salaam Five Themes of Geography Movement Mosque in Muscat, Oman Five Themes of Geography : Region Where on earth is the space? relative or absolute, address, latitude/longitude Location What common characteristics does this space share with others, especially nearby? Region political, agricultural, religious, cultural Where are this space’s characteristics? Place land features, climate, culture, language, religion, landmarks Interaction What is the relationship between the space’s people & environment? adaptation, modifications, reliance upon Five Themes of Geography : Region Five Themes of Geography : Region Formal Functional Region (uniform or homogenous): area in which all, or significant majority, of people share a common characteristic Region (nodal): area organized around a central focal point as “the characteristic” 5 9/25/2013 Five Themes of Geography : Region Five Themes of Geography : Region Perceptual Perceptual Region (vernacular): Region (vernacular): area that people “believe” exists as part of a perceived identity What is the most well known brand name which originates in each U.S. state? When you think of the region called “the South”, what areas do you imagine? Five Themes of Geography : Region Perceptual Region (vernacular): What word do you most often use to describe a carbonated beverage? Five Themes of Geography How is this space linked with other spaces? roadways, airports, telecommunications Movement Where on earth is the space? relative or absolute, address, latitude/longitude Location What common characteristics does this space share with others, especially nearby? Region political, agricultural, religious, cultural Where are this space’s characteristics? Place land features, climate, culture, language, religion, landmarks Interaction What is the relationship between the space’s people & environment? adaptation, modifications, reliance upon Five Themes of Geography : Movement Five Themes of Geography: Movement Individual attributes (trait) of culture develop at a hub (hearth) Cultural diffusion occurs when such traits move or disseminate across space. 6 9/25/2013 Five Themes of Geography: Movement Five Themes of Geography: Movement Relocation Diffusion: Expansion spread of traits/ideas through physical movement of people. Diffusion: an idea spread from a hearth, but remains strong there too Contagious Diffusion: nearly all adjacent individuals & places are influenced Five Themes of Geography: Movement Five Themes of Geography: Movement Expansion Expansion Diffusion: an idea spread from a hearth, but remains strong there too Hierarchial Diffusion: spread of a feature or trend from one key node to another Five Themes of Geography Movement Location Diffusion: an idea spread from a hearth, but remains strong there too Stimulus Diffusion: occurs when a change is made for (or by) the receiving population Five Themes of Geography Movement Example: Region Example: Place Interaction Location Region Place Interaction 7 9/25/2013 Informational Sources: Image Credits: Fouberg, Erin H., Alexander B. Murphy, and H.J. de Blij. Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture. 10th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. Knox, Paul L. and Sallie A. Marston. Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007. Malinowski, Jon C. and David H. Kaplan. Human Geography. 1st ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2013. Rubenstein, James M. Contemporary Human Geography. 1st ed. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, 2010. Rubenstein, James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction into Human Geography. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2014. Image Credits 2: Boston: Rubenstein James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 11th Ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014. CD-ROM. Denver Tunnel: http://www.luckymountainhome.com/images/109_0984_000.JPG New York: Rubenstein James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 9th Ed. Boston: Pearson, 2008. CD-ROM. Bourbon Street: http://blog.47brand.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Bourbon-Street.jpg Levittown: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/10/12/nyregion/12levittown.CA01.jpg Brazil Rainforest: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Travel/Pix/pictures/2008/11/14/JunglePaulASoudersCOrb4.jpg DMZ—North Korea: http://cdn.totorotimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/north-korea-dmz.jpg DMZ—South Korea: http://matthewniederhauser.com/research/wpcontent/uploads/2010/09/20100506_north_korea_dmz_war02.jpg Myriad Gardens Oklahoma City: http://www.ruppertlandscape.com/images/Myriad-Gardens.jpg Swiss Alps: http://www.destination360.com/europe/switzerland/images/s/swiss-alps.jpg Sydney Opera House: http://d16outft0soac8.cloudfront.net/uploadedImages/About_Us/Photo_Gallery/Ext_PinkDawn_M.jpg Carl Sauer: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-waoOEmVAz1k/UWScw4iBWKI/AAAAAAAAAps/3bGtIo2coVg/s320/Sauer++Morphology+of+Landscape.jpg Nile River: http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/50041000/jpg/_50041311_space2.jpg Dike Netherlands: http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/images/108/netherlands_dikes_floods_432.jpg Athens: http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1597/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1597-1859.jpg Beijing: http://forbiddencitybeijing.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/beijing-forbidden-city.jpg Cairo: http://cdn.media.kiwicollection.com/media/property/PR003488/xl/003488-05-city-view-pyramids.jpg Dar es Salaam: http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7152/6840865629_4dda3554ba_o.jpg Muscat: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6OZipAT_tX8/TlvKV1u8AYI/AAAAAAAAAdY/8_Ua4kVr4Fc/s400/d1-doha-muscat-zayedgrand-mosque-ad-13%2Boman.jpg World Regions Maps: http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap-human-geography-coursedescription.pdf Africa: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Africa_map_regions.svg Corn Belt: http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/geog105/study/images/CornBelt.gif Georgia TV Stations: http://www.gpb.org/sites/all/themes/ninesixty/base/images/television/tv_coverage_map.jpg NFL Map: http://img.gawkerassets.com/post/11/2012/12/nfl_dist-01.png Pizza Delivery: http://junkbrosnews.com/Jan05/pizza-war-map.gif Famous Brands: http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/18rvle9r0gbn0jpg/k-bigpic.jpg Definitions of South: Rubenstein James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 9th Ed. Boston: Pearson, 2008. CD-ROM. Airline Map: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/160/336643863_5cc4f5c4ce.jpg Kenya Coffee Beans: http://s3.reutersmedia.net/resources/r/?m=02&d=20100106&t=2&i=41589067&w=460&fh=&fw=&ll=&pl=&r=2010-0106T084937Z_01_AJOE6050OIR00_RTROPTP_0_OZABS-KENYA-COFFEE-20100106 Kenya Tea Plantation: http://static0.demotix.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/a_scale_large/300-1/photos/1290531433tea-production-high-in-kenya_326481.jpg Starbucks Coffee: http://blogs-images.forbes.com/mindylubber/files/2011/09/starbucks-coffee-cup.jpg McAlister’s Tea: http://cdn.frugalcouponliving.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/mcalisters-deli-free-tea.jpg Map-Undernourished: Rubenstein James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 11th Ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014. CD-ROM. Map-GNI per capita: Rubenstein James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 11th Ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014. CD-ROM. Map-Agriculture Zones: Arable Land: Rubenstein James M. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. 11th Ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014. CD-ROM. Apple: http://cdn.redmondpie.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/apple-logo.jpg British Petroleum: http://evergreen.loyola.edu/sscalenghe/www/images/BP.jpg Coca Cola: http://www.krystalgrant.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/coca-cola-logo.jpg Daewoo: http://car-logos.50webs.com/logo/daewoo/daewoo1.jpg Ford: http://images.wikia.com/automobile/images/e/ea/Ford_logo.jpg Hard Rock Café: http://fontmeme.com/images/Hard-Rock-Cafe-Logo.jpg IKEA: http://www.globalinternships.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ikea-logo.jpg KFC: http://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/galleries/2009/fortune/0906/gallery.dumbest_moments_midyear2009.fortune/images/kfc_logo .jpg McDonald’s: http://www.mamas-spot.com/image.axd?picture=2013%2F5%2Fmcdonalds-logo.gif Microsoft: http://blog.parcel2go.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/new-microsoft-logo-square-large.jpg Starbucks: http://bizcolostate.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/starbucks-coffee-logo.gif Sony: http://www.blissdomconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Sony_logo_white.jpg Versace: http://www.huntlogo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/versace-logo-818x1024.jpg McDonald’s international foods: http://www.seriouseats.com/2013/08/international-mcdonalds-items-we-wish-were-in-theusa.html Coordinate Map: http://cnx.org/content/m22761/latest/Picture%201.png Southmoore: http://www.oilcapitalelectric.com/images/South-Moore-High-School.jpg White House: http://phototourismdc.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/white-house-clouds-hdr-wallpaper.jpg Lake Charg Shirt:http://www.oldewebster.com/upload/cart/greykidt.jpg Llanfair Shirt: http://ih2.redbubble.net/image.13475967.1200/fig,white,mens,ffffff.jpg Image Credits 3: Camels Beijing: http://www.inquit.com/images/uploads/BactriansInBeijing.jpg Horse and Buggy: http://www.washoe.k12.nv.us/americanhistory/secondary/lessons/lessons_std01/fitch_s_img1.jpg Internet/Networking: http://www.mediabistro.com/alltwitter/files/2013/02/social-world.png Interstate Sign: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/I-35SOUTH_I44WEST_Oklahoma_City_Downtown_EXIT_3_4ths_MILE.png Oil Trade Map: http://www.cited.org/library/site/images/feature/Figure4.GIF Hearth Map: http://www.historyappreciation.com/uploads/1/2/7/8/12782323/3425332_orig.gif?1 Asian District: http://cdn2.newsok.biz/cache/w620-0a27a6d006deaf24a400b393e5dcd80a.jpg Capital Hill in OKC: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Futbol_storefront_in_Capitol_Hill,_Oklahoma_City.jpg Chinatown: http://www.katonahmuseum.org/gedownload!/chinatown-manhattan-nyc.jpg?item_id=1575849 Lindsborg, Kansas: http://www.lasr.net/images/city/main_img/KS0109019.jpg Little Italy Map: http://cultureweekend.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/little-italy-nyc-map.jpg Relocation Diffusion: http://griots.tripod.com/vista/diffusion_dispersal.jpg\ Contagious & Hierarchial Diffusion: http://www.grossmont.edu/scotttherkalsen/cultural/lectures/1/img29.jpg Big Mac: http://www.mcdonalds.com/content/dam/McDonalds/item/mcdonalds-Big-Mac.png Maharaja Mac: http://www.mcdonaldsindia.com/images/menu/core-menu/chicken-maharaja-mac.png 8