Download Biol 211 (2) Chapter 30 KEY

Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Biology 211 (2) Week 3!
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Last of Chapter 29!
VOCABULARY: !
Pathogenic: causes disease
Antibiotics: Molecules produced
naturally by bacteria and fungi
that kill or stop bacteria from
growing
Virulence: The ability to cause
disease; a heritable trait that
varies among individuals in a
population
Koch’s Postulates: An
infectious disease is spread
by being passed from an
infected individual to an
uninfected individual
Hygiene Hypothesis: !
Antibiotic overuse has reduced
the diversity of good “species,”
which contributes to increase in
autoimmune disorders (asthma,
Multiple sclerosis, diabetes)
Germ Theory: States that some
disease are caused by
microorganisms
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KEY CONCEPTS:!
1. Do most bacteria cause disease? Why are some bacteria pathogenic? Why is antibiotic
resistance a growing concern?
a. A very small percent of bacteria cause disease.
b. Virulence, or the ability to cause disease, is a heritable trait that varies among
individuals in a population. Pathogenic strains acquired virulence genes, and
some include the one coding for a protein toxin.
2. When were antibiotics discovered?
a. 1928
3. Why is antibiotic resistance a growing concern?
a. The extensive use of antibiotics over time led to the evolution of drug-resistant
strains of pathogenic bacteria. One study found that there are now soildwelling bacteria in natural environments that—far from being killed by
antibiotics—actually use them as food. Some researchers claim we are entering
a “post-antibiotic era” in medicine.
4. What is the Hygiene hypothesis? What are examples of disorders that are possibly
being caused by this?
a. Hygiene hypothesis: antibiotic overuse has reduced the diversity of the good
“species” in the microbiome (microbes in human guts)
i. May be leading to asthma, multiple sclerosis, diabetes
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Professor: Hufford/Biederman
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S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
Beginning of Chapter 30!
VOCABULARY:!
Asexual reproduction:
Generates offspring identical
to a single parent
Cilia: Hair-like organelles that
extend from the surface of cells
Diploid: Has 2 copies of DNA
(2N)
Endosymbiosis Theory: One
prokaryote cell engulfed
another prokaryote cell,
and joined in a symbiotic
relationship (mitochondria
& chloroplasts)
Fertilization: The fusion of
two haploid cells to form a
diploid cell, such as a zygote
Flagella: organelles that
Haploid: Has 1 copy of DNA
(1N)
Ploidy: How many
chromosome copies an
organism has
Polyploidy: Having more than
two copies of DNA
Protists: refers to all
eukaryotes that are not land
plants, fungi, or animals
Pseudopodia: Temporary
projections that allow
movement of an organisms
(pseudo=fake, pod=foot)
Sexual Reproduction: Two
parents contribute genetic
information to a unique
offspring(s)
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project from the cell and
whip back and forth to
produce swimming
movements
KEY CONCEPTS:!
1. What are the two different ways of reproduction in Eukaryotes? Which provides two
identical daughter cells? Which provides four distinct daughter cells?
a. Mitosis and meiosis
b. Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells
c. Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells
2. What is the theory that describes how Eukaryotes came to be? Explain.
Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
3. What are two organelles found in eukaryotes today that were possibly prokaryotes at
one point in time?
a. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
4. Meiosis results in
a. Four genetically distinct daughter cells
b. Four genetically identical daughter cells
c. Two identical daughter cells
d. Two distinct daughter cells
5. What are examples of Diploid and Haploid cells found in humans?
a. Diploid: Most human cells (Ex: Skin cells)
b. Haploid: Human egg and sperm cells
6. During meiosis, a cell goes from_________to four________cells.
a. Diploid; haploid
7. During mitosis, a cell goes from diploid to ________. It can also go from haploid to
_______.
a. Diploid; haploid
8. What are four possible ways that protists move in their environment?
a. Flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, gliding
9. What is an example of a parasitic protist that infects many humans to this day?
a. Malaria
10. Why isn’t Malaria common in the US today?
a. Use of antibiotics
b. Use of mass bug spray
c. It has been eradicated
d. Massive infrastructure projects
11. What drink did the British use to prevent malaria during the Raj?
a. Manhattan
b. Pina Colada
c. Gin and Tonic
d. Gimlet
12. Define haploid and diploid. Which is 2n and which is 1n? What does n mean in this
context?
a. n=set of chromosomes
b. Diploid cells have two copies of DNA (two sets of chromosomes)
c. Haploid cells have one copy of DNA (one set of chromosomes)
Professor: Hufford/Biederman
S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider
13. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each mode of reproduction? Does a stressful environment favor
sexual or asexual reproduction? Explain.
a. Asexual reproduction is based on mitosis and cell division in eukaryotes
i. Advantages: Really quick; if environment is perfect, better to have as
many organisms as possible
ii. Disadvantages: Not genetically diverse
b. Sexual reproduction is based on meiosis and fusion of gametes
i. Advantages: Genetically different, better for adaptation to fight
disease
ii. Disadvantages: Slow
c. A stressful environment would call for sexual reproduction because the
population needs to diversify in order for survival