Download The Qin Dynasty

The Qin Dynasty
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta, GA
[email protected]
Establishment of the Qin Dynasty
• Following the Warring States Period (480 – 221
BCE)
• Qin Dynasty Emerges
• It takes over other states gradually
• First emperor unifies China and begins the
imperial age
• This Dynasty may be the source of the name
“China”
• This dynasty was Legalist
•
Shi Huangdi
• “First Emperor”
• Ruthlessly ruled along with prime minister
Li Si
• Highly mobilized the people of China
• Constructed Irrigation and flood control
works that solidified his position
Qin Dynastic Structure
• State had a totalitarian structure
• Cracked down on Confucianism
• This was as a result of the duties shared by people in
Confucianism(5 Relationships)
• Rivals were eliminated
• Primogeniture abolished
– This was the practice of having the eldest son inherit all land a
property
• Wanted to limit power and split amongst multiple heirs
• Slavery eliminated
• What do all of these steps help Shi Huangdi to
accomplish?
• CONTROL
Accomplishments of the Qin
• Thousands of Miles of Roads
• Standard weights, measurements, currency, law,
writing
• Canals
• Frontier Walls (beginning of Great Wall)
• Following the death of Shi Huangdi, he had a
massive tomb built
The Terra Cotta Army
of
Emperor Shi-Huangdi
Founder of the Qin dynasty
221-206 BCE.
X’ian, China
In 1974, several farmers digging a
well found the Terra Cotta Army in
their field. They called in local
authorities to examine the pieces they
had uncovered. As they dug into this
field , the archaeologists uncovered
the army.They found 3 pits , each with
different soldiers in them.
Digging this well caused the army to be
discovered in 1974.
The farmers who found the site
while digging a well were paid
about $500 for their land by the
government. Today ,they work
signing autographs for tourists who
visit it and are paid by the
government.
There are 3 large pits at this site.
Pit 1 covers an area of 16,000 square
meters . It is covered in a huge dome.
Pit 2 covers an area of 7,100 square meters
and includes bronze chariots.
Pit 3 covers an area of 4,282 square meters
and is the least excavated.
Horses in Pit 2
Ramps to get the soldiers in.
A group of ceremonial guards
Pit Number One
This pit contains over 6,ooo soldiers
Putting the army back together
The army being reassembled
The bundles are missing pieces
When archaeologists work at putting the
soldiers back together, they find potential
pieces and create a bundle of them for each
one. Then the workers searches for the
location of a specific piece. If they find
ONE PIECE in a day, they are very happy.
Putting this gigantic puzzle back together
will be the life’s work of many
archaeologists.
Individual Faces
An enlisted man
An offficer and his horse
Each soldier has a unique face. It is
probable that each soldier was modeled
after a specific soldier but there is no
way to verify this. Clothing and
hairstyles show us the class differences
which existed in this army.
An archer without his bow
Seeing the army
Moustaches
• Archaeologists have found 24 different
types of moustaches on the soldiers faces.
They show the range of social classes which
the army came from. Individual differences
could indicate social status or simply
personal preference.
Another view
Officers in the front in battle formation
The army was found in pieces.
Another view
Cavalry troops
Hairstyles show these were regular army
Armies under repair
Since few weapons of any kind
were found with the soldiers, it is
probable that they were stolen in
the past so they could be used.
A Ming era tomb on top of warriors
Headless soldiers
Pit Number Three
Continuing work here
A cavalry officer with his horse
An impressive sight !
The Terra Cotta Army was created
in the neighboring mountains.
Chinese archaeologists have found
the kilns used to bake the statues.
For the army, individual soldiers can
be used to identify the area they
came from through clothing design.
Bronze Chariot with umbrella
Horses Bridle
Silver and gold
In 1987, the Terra Cotta Army was
placed on the list of World Heritage
Sites by UNESCO. The site has
been visited by approximately 40
million people in 20 years. It
welcomes 1,500,000 visitors a year.
Thoughts of the Time….
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Legalism
Confucianism
Daoism
Hinduism
Buddhism
The Mauryan Empire
(ca. 324 – 185 BCE)
• Created by Chandragupta Maurya
• (ruled 324 – 301 BCE)
– Leads forces to remove Hellenistic influence
and unifies lands by 321BCE
• Paranoid ruler
• Treason suspects tortured and killed
• Spies, food tasters, never sleeps in same
room two nights in a row
Chandragupta’s Rule
• Establishes ruling principles based on:
– Hindu philosophy
– “policy of the scepter”
• Establishes Government
– Pataliputra
– Kingdom divided into Provinces – each ruled
by a royal governor appointed by the ruler
• ivided into districts – each ruled by an official
appointed by the royal governor
– Districts contain villages – each has a village leader
The Reign of Asoka
(269 -232 BCE)
• Initially continues brutal rule as father and
grandfather had
• 260 BCE – Asoka
– converted to Buddhism because he was
disturbed by his own brutality
• Sends out Buddhist missionaries throughout
kingdom
– Spreads buddhism
– uses the principles of Buddhism in the rest of his reign
Asoka’s Rule
• Issues “Rock Edicts”
– has several stone pillars and tablets placed throughout his kingdom
• outlining his new policies and ideas based on Buddhist principles
• appoints “officials of righteousness” who make sure that
everybody treated fairly
• orders the building of hospitals for people and animals
• creates “rest stops” along roads within the Empire
• revises the legal code of the Empire
• encouraged trade and industry
• allowed freedom of religion within the Empire
End of the Mauryan Empire
• Asoka dies in 232 BCE – Maurayan Empire starts
to decline
• 185 BCE – the last Mauryan Emperor is
assassinated,
• Mauryan empire splits-up
• Intermediate Period (ca. 185 BCE – 320 CE)
– India fragments into independent kingdoms (again)
The Gupta Empire (ca. 320 – 550
CE) – “India’s Golden Age”
Establishment
• Much smaller territory than Mauryan
• Famous Emperors:
• Chandra Gupta I
• (r. 320 – 335 CE) – first Gupta Emperor, united
several kingdoms
• Chandra Gupta II (r. 375• 415 CE) – Emperor during the height
Government/Economic Organization
• Emperor ruled from the capital (Pataliputra)
• *. Emperor’s revenues generated from taxes from
provinces
• monopolistic control over salt and minerals
• Empire divided into
• provinces – each ruled by a royal governor
• *. governed loosely, as long as they paid
• Culture
• Hinduism official religion (religious freedom
allowed)
• Arts (especially Hindu-related) - flourished
• Literature written in Sanskrit
• Architecture and Sculpture (many temples)
– especially in the form of Hindu
New Technologies/Developments
• Medicine – Inoculation, basic surgery
• Mathematics – base 10 number system
– Develop concepts of zero and infinity
Decline in the status of women
• arranged marriages become common
• high respect, but little power for women
• End of the Gupta Empire – caused by invasions by
the Huns
Aegean Beginnings
• Geography– southern tip of Balkan Peninsula in
southern Europe and surrounding islands
• Interior mountain ranges and fertile coasts and
valleys
• Short, swift rivers
• Mild climate with moderate temperatures, low
Aegean Civilizations
•
a)
b)
c)
d)
The Minoans of Crete (2500-1450 BC)
Island kingdom on Crete
Knossos was capital city; home of King Minos
Advanced culture with extensive sea trade
Greater gender equality; much emphasis on social and
athletic activities
e) Religion based on Earth Mother goddess
f) Reached peak around 1600 BC, fell soon afterward—reason
unknown
Aegean Civilizations (cont)
• The Mycenaeans of the Balkans
a) Indo-European group that migrated down from central Asia
around 2000 BC
b) Intermarried with indigenous Hellenes over time, established
series of kingdoms
c) Kingdoms surrounding a hilltop fortress; wealthy estates
d) Contact with Minoans; adopted many Minoan customs
(religion, metalworking, etc)
Aegean Civilizations (cont)
e) Eventually conquered Minoans and took control of the
Aegean around 1400 BC
f) Infighting among Mycenaeans weakened their empire
g) Greek-speaking Dorians w/iron weapons swept in from the
north and destroyed Mycenaean kingdoms
h) Many Mycenaeans fled to Turkey to escape
The Greek Dark Ages
• Dorians were eastern Europeans who had iron weapons,
but no written language or advanced culture
• After several generations, written language was lost in
the region for about 300 years
• Period of the Greek epics (Iliad and Odyssey)
• Oral histories/stories from Mycenaean past
• Finally, refugees from Ionia (coast of Turkey) returned
to Greece and brought back written language and culture
The City-States
• The Polis—Greek
word for citystate
• Root word for
politics
a) Consisted of city
and surrounding
countryside
b) At center was the
acropolis
c) Served as temple
for local deity
Citizens
• Citizenship in most city-states was elitist
• Citizens made up the minority of each
city-state
• Qualifications in most city-states included:
a) Born in Greek city-state to Greek parents
b) Male
c) Land ownership
Political and Social Change
• Initially, polis governed by kings
• Eventually lost power to aristocrats (nobles)
• Aristocrats began taking advantage of lower
classes; farms lost to aristocracy to pay back
loans, etc.
• Lower classes became resentful and
demanded change
• Also, middle class merchants (most
noncitizens) began wanting a voice in
government
Rise of Tyrants
• In order to maintain peace, many city-states
turned gov’t over to tyrants who ruled
single-handedly (usually good and fair
rulers) but often harsh and disliked by the
majority
• Most tyrannies evolved into either
oligarchies or democracies
• Two best examples: Sparta (oligarchy) and
Athens (democracy)
SPARTA
• Best army in ancient Greece
• Most powerful state before rise of Athens
• Lycurgus - established the military-oriented
reformation of Spartan society
• No historical literature or written laws
– According to tradition, prohibited by Lycurgus.
• State ruled by two hereditary
kings
– Equal in authority
• Duties
– religious, judicial and military
• Real power
– Assembly (citizens over 30)
– headed by 5 ephors and
council of elders
• Only those w/distinguished
military records could be
ephors or elders
• Spartan citizens far outnumbered by two
groups working for them:
– Helots—slaves
– Perioeci—artisans and merchants (noncitizens)
• Fear of revolt by these two groups fueled
the strict military gov’t
– Revolt in 650 BC took 30 years to put down
and created environment where change/new
ideas unwelcomed
Sparta’s Military Society
• City had no walls as sign of military might
• All male citizens required to serve in army
• Life of a male citizen:
a) birth—inspection by military officials
b) 7 yrs—off to military school (academics,
physical training and weaponry)
c) 20 yrs—became soldiers and sent to frontier
areas
d) 30 yrs—arranged marriage; back to military
e) 60 yrs—retirement and return home
Women in Spartan Society
• Greater rights than other Greek city-states
– Treated equally from birth by parents (food,care)
• Physical training and fighting skills
– Married at 19 (most city-states 14), strange rituals of
marriage
• Allowed to leave home unescorted
• Could own property, Couldn’t participate in government
• Took great pride in son’s military records
The wife of King Leonidas was allegedly asked why
Spartan women were the only women in Greece who
"ruled" their husbands. Gorgo replied, "because we
are the only women who give birth to men."
• Spartan laws discouraged anything that
would distract people from their disciplined
military life.
– Sparta did not welcome visitors from other
cities, and Spartans were not allowed to travel.
– The Spartans were not interested in other ways
of life and did not want to bring new ideas to
their polis.
• Sparta is on the Peloponnesus
– Hilly, rocky area at the southern end of the
Greek peninsula.
– The Spartans conquered many people in the
region and forced them to work as slaves.
Athens
• Monarchy-aristocracy-tyrannydemocracy
• Athens began its history as a
Neolithic hill-fort on top of the
Acropolis ("high city"), some time
in the third millennium BC.
• By 1400 BC Athens
• Powerful centre of the Mycenaean
civilization
– Athens was never sacked and
abandoned at the time of the Doric
invasion
• Athenians claimed to be "pure"
Ionians with no Doric element.
• 8th century BCE
– Athens re-emerged, by virtue of location, as a
key city
– Became the INTELLECTUAL CENTER of
the world
• Reformers of Athens
• Draco: codified laws, harsh-death penalty
for minor crimes
• Solon:
– rewrote laws – canceled land mortgages,
limited amt of land one can own, male
commoners right to vote
• Cleisthenes:
– men of all classes could serve on council,
“Father of Greek Democracy”
• Pericles:
– removed restrictions on office holding, paid
salaries to public officials
END INTRO TO GREEKS
Persia
• Established by Cyrus the Great
– Great builder/conqueror
• Followed by Darius the Great
• Darius led Persia against the Greeks
– A great administrator
– Allowed people to maintain identity
• Satrapies, Roads, Uniformity
– Language, weights, currency, law code
• Rival power to the Greeks
• Religion: Zoroastrianism:
– Developed by the prophet Zoroaster around 600 B.C.E.
– Taught that life is a battle between the opposing forces of
good and evil,
• Humans must choose between the two.
PERSIAN WAR 500-479 BC
• DARIUS LED PERSIANS
• Battle of Marathon
• Heavily outnumbered, win by “double
envelopment”
• 480: Battle of Thermopylae Pass
– -Xerxes led Persians
– Leonidas led Greeks
– Bravery at its finest
• 300 vs Thousands
• Allows Greeks to prepare for invasion
• Battle of Salamis – Persian naval disaster
– Large Persian fleet versus small mobile Athenians
• Xerxes and his throne
• Battle of Plataea – 38,000 Athenian and Peloponnesian soldiers
Delian League
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Headed by Athens
Money squandered
Peloponnesian War
Sparta wins
GOLDEN AGE
• THEATER
• TRAGEDY: SOPHOCLES, EURIPIDES,
AESCHYLUS
• COMEDY: ARISTOPHANES
• Philosophy:
– -Socrates “Know thyself”
– Plato: wrote THE REPUBLIC about a perfect
society ruled by intelligent aristocracy
– Aristotle: wrote on science, govt, logic
History:
-Herodotus
-Thucydides
• Architecture:
– -Columns: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
PARTHENON
Science and math
• Pythagoras: geometry
• Hippocrates: disease of natural causes
• Democritus: matter is composed of small
atoms
Alexander the Great
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Son of Philip of Macedonia
Greatest empire of the time
Blended cultures=hellenistic
Instilled peace
Horse was Bucephalus
• Decisive battle=Gaugamela
• Envisioned a global world where cultures
could mix
• Encouraged generals to marry Persians
• Died 323 BC
• Power struggle
• Ptolemy
• Antigonid
• Seleucid
Hellenistic Cultural achievements
• Alexandria
• Aristarchus: astronomer who developed
theory that the universe was heliocentric
• Eratosthenes: circumference of the earth
• Euclid: ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY
• Archimedes: lever, pulley, value of pi
Philosophers of Hellenistic age
• Diogenes: cynic, rejected societal values of
wealth, power, social position for self
control
• Zeno: live according to reason, be
indifferent to pleasure or pain-Stoicism
• Epicurus: seek pleasure and happiness in a
balanced, moral life
Sculpture
Venus de Milo
Nike: winged victory of Samothrace
Dying Gaul
The Han Dynasty
Ben Needle
Kell High School
Marietta, GA
[email protected]
Han Emergence
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Establishment
Liu Bang
206 BCE Becomes emperor
the “Great Progenitor” or forefather
Liu Bang
• 202 BCE – he had eliminated virtually all his
competition via military means or diplomacy
• tax burden of the peasants
Han dynasty would do this over time
• Food Stockpiles
• Treatment of loyalists
• Threat of loyalists
Han Confucianism
• The Qin/Chin Dynasty
Totalitarian and Legalist
• Rooted in the Legalist Philosophy
• Confucianism vs Legalism
• Confucianism as the basis for the Han Dynasty
• 136 BCE – HAN emperor adopted Confucianism and
the principle of appointing officials based upon merit
• Bureaucracy expands
• Examinations and opening positions to “anyone”
Changing of the Guard
• Liu Ying and his mother, Empress Lu
Emperor Wu Di (140 BCE)
• Expansion
– Conquered the Tarim Basin, Korea, Tonkin
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Taxes
Ambassadors
Royal academy
The Silk Road Grows
– Trade ended in Rome
• Wu Di’s envoy
Things Get Worse under Wu Di
• Imperial authority declined
• Babies inherited powerful positions
• Mothers appointed relatives to high-level
positions
• What was the problem with this?
• Financial Problems
Hsin Dynasty (8 – 23 CE)
• Rose up against existing dynasty to attempt to return
to Confucian focused style of rule
• Founder, Wang Mang, felt that the Han Dynasty has
lost its “Mandate of Heaven”
In the years 2, 5, and 11 CE, there were great floods
of the Yellow River causing large numbers of death.
• These led to civil war and the eventual assassination
of Wang Mang and his followers
Later Han Era (25 - 220 CE)
• Struggle for a ruler
• Landowners
• Wars ended by general Ts’ao Ts’ao in 215
His son took the throne in 220 and
established the Wei dynasty.
Han Dynasty Falls
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Peasant revolts
184 – Yellow Turbans
Eunuch Issues - 189
The empire was later split into 3 parts
The end of the Han Dynasty marked the end of
Ancient Chinese unity
• Following this tragic loss of power and unity,
there was continual instability
• Remembered as the height of ancient Chinese
power
Accomplishments
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Improved silk production techniques
Silk Road
Water Clock and sundial invented
Mechanical inventions increased the
production of salt
• Wheel Barrow – Wooden Ox
• Emergence of the science of acupuncture
• Paper 105 by Tsai-Lun
Ancient Rome
Foundations of a great civilization
• 753 BCE Roman Civilization founded
• Situated on seven wooded hills along the Tiber River
• Legend has it that twin brothers Romulus and Remus
founded Rome on one of these hills
• Why is this location important?
• Fertile soil
• Excellent Building materials nearby
• Strategically located
• Easier to fend off invaders
• Centrally located away from coast to protect against
invaders such as pirates
• Protected to the north by Alps
The ancient city of Rome
• Population: 50 – 70 million people at the Roman Empire’s
height
• 1 million lived in Rome
• 5 – 6 million in Italy
• The people of the Roman Empire were of all different
nationalities and faiths
• Class Structure
• Upper Class – members of senate and their families
• Lower Class – Citizens (farmers, city workers, and soldiers)
and slaves (captured in war and eventually freed)
• Equites – wealthy landowner class that emerged. They held
government positions and helped run the civil service
Political Structure (cont’d)
• Patricians
– Senate
• Plebians
– Assembly
• Consuls
• Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)
• 12 Tables (innocent until proven guilty)
The ancient city of Rome (cont’d)
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Cities of Importance
Cities of importance
Alexandria, Antioch(Syria) and Constantinople
All were centers of trade and cultural diffusion
Forum – a large open space surrounded by markets
and buildings, and temples
• Family Structure
• Family Structure was paternal (paterfamilias) and
sons could not own property until father was deceased
• Boys married around age15 – 18 and girls @ age 13 or
14
• Education
• Until around the age of 11, most attended school at home
or at a “private” school
• Often, children were taught by slaves
• It was not uncommon for these slaves to have more
education than the people they taught
• Higher education was reserved for the upper class
• Religion
• Early Romans believed in gods and goddesses
• 300s BCE – Roman contact with Greeks leads then to
adopt some Greek ideas-Magna Graecia
• gods and temples to honor them
• 313CE – turn to religion of Christianity
Roman Economy
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Occupation - 90% of the people were farmers
Manufacturing and Mining
Most of these items came from areas outside Rome
Gold and silver came from Spain
Tin and Lead from Britain
Italy did have iron ore and copper deposits
This meant that they were heavily engaged in trade
Cargo ships from the Mediterranean would bring
goods from all over the empire
• Traded for silk from China, Ivory from Africa
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Transportation and Communication
• 50,000 miles of roads covered the empire
• Constructed by the army to increase
movements of troops
• These roads promoted trade and
communication
Arts and Sciences
• Architecture was adapted from Greek architecture
• Achievements of Roman Architecture
• 1 – The arch – supported bridges and aqueducts and
allowed for the construction of vaulted ceilings which
could eliminate the need for columns
• 2 – Concrete – provided a strong building material
• Science
• Ptolemy developed the study of astronomy 275 BCE
The Roman Republic
• 509 BCE – Roman Republic established
• 2 elected officials called consuls headed the
government
• Served for 1 year
• The Senate was the most powerful government
body in the Roman Republic
• Unlike the consuls, senators served for life
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They were patricians(upper class members of
society)
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The plebeians(citizens) held little power as
members of the assembly, the Concilium Plebis
From Republic to Empire
• 31 BCE – Roman Republic ends and the Roman
empire is established
• This was brought about by 20 years of civil war
• An emperor now controlled the government’s
decision making ability
• The emperor appointed senators, consuls and other
officials
Laws to live by in Rome
• 450 BCE Romans publish their first code of laws
called the “Laws of the Twelve Tables”
• The flexibility of these laws led to the establishment of
a basic set of laws called jus gentium(law of nations)
• These were a set of common sense laws
• Army
• Made of land owning citizens
• They had a larger stake in what they were fighting for
• Role of the Army
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Build roads, walls, aqueducts, walls, and tunnels
Rulers of Rome
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Julius Caesar
Augustus Caesar
Tiberius
Nero
Vespasian
Trajan
Hadrian
Constantine
Diocletian: East and West
Theodosius
The Fall of Rome
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The empire grew steadily weaker over time
Why?
Size
Internal Conflict
Mercenary troops
Germanic Peoples invaded and crushed Rome
476 - Empire ends when the last emperor is
forced out of power by Germanic chieftain
Odoacer
Lasting Impacts of the Romans
• Roman Law became the basis for many
legal systems: Justinian’s Code(eastern)
• Latin was the basis for many languages
spoken today
• Architectural achievements
• Government structure
• Religion
The Christian Emergence
Questions to Consider
• Edward Gibbon’s 5 Reasons for Christianity’s
victories
• Inflexible and intolerant
• Promise of resurrection and future life juxtaposed with
damnation for nonbelievers
• Assertion of Miracles
• Morals as the basis for life
• Non-political focus
• What regulated society prior to the emergence of
Christianity? (religiously)
Making Christianity for the People
• How did Augustine contribute to the emergence of
Christianity?
• Added substance and intellectual respectability
• Encouraged thinking as a part of the religion
• Formation of monk “communities”
• Emphasized the “original sin” concept as
important
• Emphasized that the Church was the authority
• There WAS a Church
Christianity and Judaism
• How did Christianity compare to Judaism
by the 6th Century?
• More Christians than Jews
• Persecution of Jews
• Convert or leave
Spreading Christianity
• Explain the following
• “For several centuries, Christianity was dominated by
thousands of dedicated unmarried men and Women”
• How did this change?
• Why were monks and nuns so useful when Christianity
first started spreading?
• They were the front lines
• Was Christianity initially focused or fragmented? How
so?
• Fragmented
• The emphasis was on local bishops, churches, and
monasteries
• What is the difference and significance of the pope and
patriarch?
Christianity Basics
• MONOTHEISTIC
• Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit)
• Mass Appeal
– Anyone can be a member and in “good standing”
• Ideals organized around the New Testament of the
Christian Bible
• Small in its first three centuries of existence
• Divides into east and west (Great Schism)
– Pope vs. Patriarch
• Benefits from syncretism
– Allowing new faith to blend and benefit with/from old religions
(Easter)
• State important but religion more important
• Monastic orders to spread religion (Benedict)
Items of Interest
Punic Wars
• Carthage was a Phoenician city which
rivaled the Roman REPUBLIC
• Multiple Clashes
• Hannibal attempted to take Rome by
bringing elephants
• End of War: Carthage sacked and salted
Kush
• Kingdom which established political unity
along the Upper Nile and Egypt
• Divine monarchy
Olmecs
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“Mother culture” of Mesoamerica
Monumental Architecture
Agriculture (maize)
Perhaps lacked writing
Teotihuacan
• First great city in the Americas
• Leads to the emergence of the Mayan
civilization
Yellow Turbans
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Daoist lead group
Dissatisfied with social unrest in Han China
Attacked self-indulgent bureaucracy
Staged a revolt (failed)
Han Empire dealt with Civil War
– What does this show…?
Rajput
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After the decline of Gupta Empire
No central authority
Regional princes
Buddhism declines
Coptic Christianity
• Offshoot of Christianity in Egypt
• Establishes a strong Christian presence in
Northern Africa
Jesus
• …
Paul
• Encouraged formal organization of a
distinct religion
• His writings are key pieces of Christian
doctrine (influences Augustine)
Benedict
• Starts the monastic movement of
Christianity
• Benedictine Rule
– Disciplined life, prayer alternated with hard
work in agriculture and study
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