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Name
Class
Date
Early Exploration and Settlement
Section 2
HSS 7.11
MAIN IDEAS
1. Economic changes in Europe led to the
discovery of new trade routes.
2. Christopher Columbus and other explorers discovered new continents.
3. The Columbian Exchange affected the
Americas and Europe.
Students analyze political
and economic change in
the sixteenth, seventeenth,
and eighteenth centuries
(the Age of Exploration, the
Enlightenment, and the Age
of Reason).
Key Terms and People
money or property that is used to earn more money
joint-stock companies businesses in which a group of people invests together
Christopher Columbus a sailor from Genoa, Italy
Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese sea captain
Northwest Passage a path through North America that would allow ships to sail from
the Atlantic to the Pacific
Columbian Exchange the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from the “Old
World” of Asia, Africa, and Europe to the “New World” of the Americas and from
the Americas to Asia, Africa, and Europe
capital
Section Summary
THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY GROWS
In Europe in the 1200s, the Commercial Revolution
had changed the ways people carried on business.
Then, in the 1300s, Europeans experienced an epidemic called the Black Death, which killed millions
of people. The European economy recovered. People
raised or lowered prices to earn more. Farmers rented
land to raise crops to sell for profit. Venice and other
cities became rich trading centers. A class of wealthy
people sprang up. Merchant families wanted capital. Merchants founded joint-stock companies that
raised money while lowering personal risk.
TRADE WITH AFRICA AND ASIA
The biggest profits rose from trade with Africa
and Asia. Overland trade made goods expensive.
European merchants sought sea routes to Africa and
What was an advantage of jointstock companies?
Underline the sentence that
explains why Europeans wanted to
cross the Atlantic.
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Name
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Section 2, continued
Asia. Europeans wanted to cross the Atlantic to discover new trade routes.
PORTUGUESE EXPLORATIONS
Portugal led exploration in the early 1400s. Explorer
Vasco da Gama left Lisbon and journeyed around
the Cape of Good Hope, arriving in India and
establishing the first trade route to that country.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Christopher Columbus persuaded the Spanish
king and queen to pay for his three ships to travel
to North America. His ships landed in the Bahamas
and found the Taino. He called them Indians.
OTHER EXPLORERS SET SAIL
Other European explorers also landed in North
America. Amerigo Vespucci reached present-day
South America, and a mapmaker labeled the continents across the ocean America in his honor.
Ferdinand Magellan found the western route to
Asia. Europeans realized Columbus had not discovered a sea route to Asia.
Why was America given its name?
THE SEARCH FOR A NORTHWEST PASSAGE
European nations looked to North America to find
a Northwest Passage. None was found, but explorations led to more interest in North America.
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
The Columbian Exchange made a huge difference in the world. Many of the changes were good.
Other results, such as introducing deadly diseases to
Native Americans, were bad.
Name one bad result from the
Columbian Exchange.
CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Critical Thinking: Elaborating You are the sailor on Columbus’s first
voyage who first sighted land after the long trip. Write a short poem
about the moment you saw land. What emotions were you feeling?
HSS Analysis Skills HR 2, HI 1, HI 3
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Answer Key
Chapter 1 Early Exploration and Settlement
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Asia and Africa. Europeans discovered the Americas when they tried to find new trade routes.
2. Spain grew rich because it received great quantities of gold, silver, and food from its American
colonies.
3. Answers will vary. Students should infer that because American Indians would not want to
convert to Catholicism, there would be conflict with colonists.
SECTION 1 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Answers will vary. Students may infer that traveling to a new land was dangerous, scary, and sad,
or they may express feelings of hope and excitement.
SECTION 2 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Accept poems that demonstrate an understanding of Columbus’s voyage.
SECTION 3 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Sample correct answers:
Cause
Effect
Hernán Cortés imprisons Moctezuma II, king
of the Aztec Empire
The Aztec revolt
Spanish bring new diseases to Mexico
Many Aztec are weakened or die
Spanish fleets transport tons of gold, silver,
and food from their American colonies to
Spain
Spain becomes rich
American Indians die from new diseases
Spanish begin bringing enslaved Africans to
their American colonies
SECTION 4 CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
• Huguenots traveled to Americas for religious freedom in the late 1500s.
• Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette reached the Mississippi River in the late 1600s.
• René-Robert de La Salle followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the territory for France.
• The Dutch claimed the land between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers.
• Swedish settlers started New Sweden along the Delaware River.
• Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherland, conquered New Sweden in 1655.
• Sir Walter Raleigh founded a charter colony in present-day Virginia, but the colonists mysteriously disappeared.
Chapter 2 The English Colonies
CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Answers will vary but may include the fact that middle colonies prospered sooner than New
England colonies or southern colonies.
2. New England colonies relied on trade. Farming was important in the southern colonies. Both
trading and farming were important to the middle colonies.
3. New England colonies: Religion linked to government. Middle colonies: Practiced religious
tolerance; Southern colonies: Protestants and Catholics divided by problems, but government
passed Toleration Act that made limiting religious rights a crime.
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