Download Bio244 Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide (Ch. 5, 9, 10) pg.1 Ch. 5 (An

Bio244 Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide (Ch. 5, 9, 10) pg.1 Ch. 5 (An Introduction to Viruses): Be able to define the following terms: Acellular Lysogenic Viral induction Capsid Lytic Virion Cytopathic effects Nucleocapsid Envelope Protein spikes Know the following concepts: 1. Know that viruses have the capability to infect every cellular organism 2. Know what is meant by “filterable viruses” 3. Understand the role viruses have played in the evolution of all organisms 4. Be able to explain why viruses are obligate intracellular parasites 5. Have a general understanding of the size of viruses as compared to other microorganisms 6. Know the structure and function of viral capsids 7. Distinguish between an enveloped virus and a naked virus 8. Understand the importance of viral surface proteins, or spikes 9. Know the different compositions of viral nucleic acids 10. Know and be able to recognize the 3 different capsid shapes 11. Know the different release strategies of naked vs. enveloped viruses 12. Have a general understanding of the replication strategy of RNA containing viruses vs. DNA viruses 13. Know how retroviruses differ from other RNA containing viruses 14. Be able to describe the general phases of an animal virus 15. Be able to differentiate between persistent and transforming infections 16. Be able to describe lysogenic and lytic viruses 17. Understand host range and tropisms and how this relates to a virus 18. Be able to describe the process of penetration via endocytosis vs. direct envelope fusion 19. Have a general understanding of the number of virions released per cell and how this relates to rapid proliferation 20. Know the different types of cytopathic effects caused by viral infections 21. Understand the effects of persistent, latent, chronic infections as compared to acute infections 22. Know what an oncogenic virus is and how it causes transformation 23. Know the structure, function and life cycle of the t-­‐even bacteriophage 24. Know the life cycle of temperate, lysogenic viruses 25. Be able to differentiate between “in vivo” and “in vitro” viral culturing techniques 26. Know what a bacterial plaque assay is used for 27. Be familiar with Prions and their class of infections 28. Be familiar with viroids 29. Know the general treatment strategy for viral infections and its complications Bio244 Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide (Ch. 5, 9, 10) pg.2 Ch. 9 (Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes): Be able to define the following terms: Antisepsis Disinfectant Sanitization Antiseptic Disinfection Sepsis Bactericide Fungicide Sporicide Decontamination Germicide Sterilization Degermation Microbicide Virucide Know the following concepts: 1. Be able to name the end goal of sterilization 2. Be able to differentiate between physical, chemical and mechanical agents of control 3. Be able to differentiate the uses of a disinfectant vs. antiseptic 4. Be able to differentiate the effects of a static vs. cidal compound 5. Have a general understanding of the factors that are considered for proper microbial treatment (aimed goal, disposal safety, persistence on a surface, penetration of a surface, cost and use safety) 6. Know the definition of microbial “death” 7. Know the factors that affect death rate for a given microbe on a particular surface 8. Know the mode of action of compounds defined as detergents 9. Understand the difference between moist heat and dry heat, know which is better, why and the effects on cells 10. Be able to differentiate between thermal death time (TDT) and thermal death point (TDP) 11. Be able to describe the cellular effects of cold temperatures 12. Be able to describe the damaging effects of desiccation to different microorganisms (vegetative bacterial cells, spores, fungi and viruses) 13. Be able to describe the process of lyophilization and discuss its uses 14. be able to differentiate between ionizing and non-­‐ionizing and discuss the type of damage caused by the two. 15. Be able to discuss and describe the different methods of filtration 16. Be able to discuss the use of osmotic preservation also, be able to discuss cellular effects 17. Be able to define an aqueous solution and a tincture as it applies to chemical agents 18. Be able to name the benefits of microbicidal chemicals 19. Know the factors that affect the choice of a chemical microbicide and be able to name two compounds that meet these requirements 20. Be able to differentiate between a low level, intermediate and high level germicide as to what type of microbes it affects 21. Understand that while a compound can be very effective against one organism it may not be as effective against another organism Bio244 Lecture Exam 4 Study Guide pg.3 Ch. 10 (Antimicrobial Treatment): Be able to define the following terms: Broad spectrum In-­‐vivo Neurotoxic Chemotherapy Minimum inhibitory Selective toxicity Hemotoxic concentration (MIC) Superinfection Hepatotoxic Narrow spectrum In-­‐vitro Nephrotoxic Know the following concepts: 1. Know the primary goal of any antimicrobial treatment 2. Know the two bacterial genera and the two mold genera that produce antibiotics 3. Know what 3 factors must be known when treating a patient with antimicrobials 4. Understand the purpose and procedure behind the Kirby Bauer technique and the tube dilution test 5. Understand what pathogen characteristics are best to target and which could be dangerous to the host cells 6. Be able to name the 5 antimicrobial drug mechanisms 7. Have an understanding of why biofilms may be difficult to treat and methods that are useful 8. Have an understanding of major modes of action of antiviral medications 9. Know the methods organisms use to counter effect antimicrobials 10. Understand how the use of antimicrobials selects for resistant strains 11. Understand the major ways that organisms develop or acquire resistance mechanisms to include: spontaneous mutation, transformation, transduction and conjugation 12. Be familiar with some of the current antimicrobial therapies that attempt to avoid current resistance characteristics to include: blocking Fe scavenging, bacteriophages and RNA interference 13. Understand the benefits of probiotics and prebiotics 14. Have a general understanding of the major adverse reactions to antimicrobial drugs