Download ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
Ch 51
Animal behavior involves the actions of muscles and glands, which are under
the control of the nervous system, to help an animal respond to a stimulus
I. KINDS OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
A.
Innate Behavior = developmentally fixed behavior
1. Fixed action patterns
 A sequence of unlearned acts that is unchangeable and is
usually carried out to completion
 Example: male stickleback fish (they have read bellies) will
attack other males that invade their nesting territories but
won’t attack females (no red bellies
 What is the stimulus?
 How could they prove this?
2. Oriented movement
 Kinesis: undirected movement of an animal in response to
environmental condition. Pillbugs are more active in dry
conditions than in moist conditions. Why? Clue: Pillbugs
breathe thru gills. All respiratory membranes must be
moist for gas exchange
 Taxis: directed movement towards or away from a
stimulus. Ex: trout orient themselves upstream. Why?
 Migration: seasonal movement of animals for long distance
o Is circannual and usually follow sun’s position in sky
to help them navigate
o What might be the stimulus to initiate migration?
3. Imprinting
 Behavior is acquired ONLY if appropriate stimulus is
provided during the CRITICAL PERIOD
 Once behavior is acquired it is irreversible
 In birds, young imprint on parent and learn basic behaviors
of their species.
 If critical period passes without imprinting, then speciesspecific behavior is not learned
4. Behavioral rhythms
 Behavior that follows a biological clock
 Circadian rhythms follow a daily clock like nocturnal vs diurnal
animals
 Circannual rythms follow a yearly clock like mating and
migration
o Most follow changes in light/dark during the year to cue them
5. Animal communication: transmission of a signal from one animal
induces a behavior in another
 Chemical signal secreted by one animal like marking territory
o Can involve pheromones that are secreted by females to
indicate readiness to mate
 Visual
o To show courtship or aggression: baring teeth and courtship
dances
 Auditory
 Tactile = touch
o Greeting, grooming. Mating
B.
Associative Learning = Learned thru interactions with environment
 Classical conditioning = animal responds to substitute stimulus
 Operant conditioning = animal learns behavior thru positive or
negative stimulus
 Habituation = animal learns to ignore meaningless stimulus
 Observational learning = animal learns by observing other animals
 Insight = animal performs a behavior without being learned
II. Genetics Of Behavior
A. Is behavior the result of genetics or is it learned?
 Genes provide the instructions for behavior
 Nongenetic factors will modify how instructions are carried out
 Some behavior is more genetic than learned and visa versa.
o More genetic? In what type of animal?
o More learned? In what type of animal?
o Physiological factor involved?
B. Is variation in a particular behavior evidence for evolution?
Case study: variation in migratory patterns
C. The purpose of behavior is to enhance survival
 What is natural selection?
 Genes for behavior have evolved by natural selection in order to enhance
survival
o Foraging behavior
o Mating behavior
POPULATION ECOLOGY
CH 53
TERMS:
Population: members of the same species living together
Community: a bunch of populations living together
Ecosystem: all of the biotic and abiotic factors in a region
Biosphere: part of the Earth that has living things
Habitat: place where an organism lives
Niche: living and nonliving resources of an organism
I.
POPULATION ECOLOGY
Study of the growth, abundance and distribution of populations
A. POPULATION ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION
1. Population size:
a. N
b. Total number of individuals in the population
2. Population Density:
a. Number of individuals per unit area
3. Age structure
a. The abundance of individuals of each age
4. Survivorship curves
a. Describes the mortality of individuals during their lifetime
i. Type I species:
ii. Type II species:
iii. Type III species:
B. POPULATION GROWTH
1. Biotic potential
a. The maximum growth rate of a species under IDEAL conditions
b. Factors that affect the biotic potential of a species
Who has a higher biotic
2. Carrying capacity: the maximum number of individuals of a population
that the environment can support
3. Factors that limit the carrying capacity and biotic potential of a
population
These are density dependent. What does that mean?
Examine the graph:
a. explain the change in population size from 1955 to 1956 and from 1956 to 1958
in terms of competition for resources
Examine the following graph:
a. which is the predator and which is the prey?
b. explain the graph
C. PATTERNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
1.
Population growth = R =(births-deaths)/N
R is positive = population is growing an there are more births than
deaths
R is negative = population is decreasing and there are more deaths
than births
R is 0 = population growth is stable
a. Exponential growth:
 Whenever the growth rate is greater than zero and
population increases quickly
a. Logistic growth:
 Size restricts the growth of a population to its carrying
capacity
2.
K-selected vs. r-selected species
a. K-selected species: stable populations that are maintained at the
carrying capacity
 Characteristics of K-selected species
b. R-selected species: populations fluctuate widely above and below
carrying capacity
 Characteristics of r-selected species
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
CH 54
A. Interactions Between Populations
1. Interspecies competition: two different species compete for the same
resource. This often results in one species succeeding over the other
competition among 2 different beetle
populations
number of beetles
120
100
80
Beetle A
60
Beetle B
40
20
0
time
2. Resource partitioning occurs when species coexist despite their
competition for the same resources because they live in slightly different
niches
resource partitioning between 2
species of beetles
number of individuals
120
100
80
beetle C
60
beetle D
40
20
0
time
3. predation occurs when one species negatively uses another species for
food. Is a cow considered a predator?
4. Symbiosis occurs when two species live in close contact
a. Mutualism: both species benefit
b. Commensalism: one species benefits
c. Parasitism: one species benefits and the other is harmed
B. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS THAT HELP PREY AVOID
PREDATORS AND HELP PREDATORS CATCH PREY
In order for a predator-prey relationship to continue they both must be able to
successfully reproduce
1. Evolutionary adaptations that help prey avoid predator
a. Chemical produced by certain plants that discourage herbivore from
eating them
b. Camouflage or cryptic coloration is the color, pattern shape, or behavior
that allows an animal to blend into its surrounding
c. Aposematic or warning colorations the coloration or pattern of an animal
that warns predators that they should be avoided
Poison dart
frog
d. mimicry occurs when two species resemble each other
a. mullarian: animals with the same mechanism of defense share the
same coloration
Fig. 54-5d
(d) Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species
mimic each other.
Cuckoo bee
Yellow jacket
b. batesian: one animal with no defenses resembles another animal
with defenses
Fig. 54-5c
(c) Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one.
Hawkmoth
larva
Green parrot snake
2. Evolutionary adaptations that allow predator to capture prey
a.
acute sense of smell
b.
speed
c.
claws, fangs, stingers, poisons
C. Effect of Dominant, Keystone, and Introduced Species on Community Structure
 species diversity: the variety of different species on a community. Has
2 components:
o species richness: the number of different species in the
community
o relative abundance: the amount of each species in the
community
1. Dominant species
 most abundant species in the community
 it controls the distribution of other species
 ex: sugar maple is abundant species in northeast forests and provides
shade and good quality soil
 what might happen if the dominant species declined in number?
 How did it become a dominant species?
2. Invasive species
 Organisms that are introduced to a new community, usually by humans
 Why are they so successful?
 Ex:
3. Keystone species
 Affects community structure not by being abundant but by its role in
the community
 Ex: sea otters
Kelp→
sea urchin→
sea otter
How does the sea otter population affect the kelp abundance?
ECOSYSTEMS AND ENERGY FLOW
CH 55
A. THE CYCLES
1. Water cycle
a. The water from oceans evaporates into the atmosphere
b. Water from plants evaporates to the atmosphere by transpiration
c. Water precipitates from the atmosphere to the earth
d. Most of the water enters into the oceans
e. Some of the water is taken up by living organisms
2. The Carbon cycle
a. CO2 in the atmosphere is fixed by photosynthetic organisms
b. animals eat the photosynthetic organisms
c. animals respire and put CO2 back into the atmosphere
d. animals die and their remains become fossil fuels
e. fossil fuels are burned and CO2 is deposited in the atmosphere
3. The nitrogen cycle
a. atmospheric N2 is fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria and used by
plants
b. herbivores eat the plants
c. herbivores pee, poop and die returning nitrogen to the soil which is
then fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria in plants
d. Carnivores eat herbivores
e. Carnivores pee, poop, and die returning nitrogen to the soil to be
fixed
f. some bacteria in the soil take the soil nitrogen and restore it to
atmospheric nitrogen
B. TROPHIC LEVELS
1. Primary Producers
a. Autotrophs that produce glucose
2. Primary consumers
a. Herbivores that eat primary producers
3. Secondary consumers
a. carnivores that eat herbivores
4. Tertiary consumers
a. Eat secondary consumers
5. Detrivores
a. consumers that eat dead stuff
C. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
Show the relationship between trophic levels
Why is energy flow thru ecosystems inefficient?
D. ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS
1. Primary productivity
a. The amount of organic material produced by autotrophs in a given
period
i. Gross primary productivity
1. the amount of organic material produced
ii. net primary productivity
1. the amount of organic material that is available to
heterotrophs
2. Secondary productivity
a. The production of new biomass by heterotrophs
3. Productivity and photosynthesis
III. Ecological Succession and Community Disturbances
A. Community Disturbances
 A change in a community due to the destruction of resources and
death of organisms
o Natural disturbances
 Fire, hurricane, volcanos
o Human disturbances
 Clearing of land, sinking of ships
 Community disturbance could be positive or negative
o Positive: sunken ship provides new habitats for fish
o Negative: volcanic eruption destroys communities
B. Ecological Succession: Colonization of new species into the disturbed
area
a. Primary succession:
 when a force like a volcano destroys everything in community even
soil
 moss and lichen grow on hardened lava and make soil
 small plants like grasses start growing in soil from blown in seeds
 shrubs and trees start to grow
b. Secondary succession
 When a force like a tornado or an abandoned farm
destroys everything but leaves soil intact
 Grasses start to grow then shrubs and trees