Download APES- Unit #3 Study Guide Species Interactions and Community

APES- Unit #3 Study Guide
Species Interactions and Community Ecology
Name: Alec Humphries
1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
It has no natural predators, competitors, or parasites so it can grow
without limit.
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition:
Both species are effected.
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory:
When a species benefits from another’s down fall.
* Mutualism:
Both species benefit from the interaction.
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
Things that species compete for are food, water, shelter, mates, and sun
light.
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
When one species totally exclude another species from using that
resource.
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
The species must share the resource in harmony making equilibrium.
Species adjust to the conditions to share and adapt.
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain
why a species wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
The difference is that fundamental is when a species gets all the
resources it needs and realized is when it the species can only use a certain
amount of the resources because other species occupy the recourses. It
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche because there are too much of the other
species or it is not powerful enough to make the other species move.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One species eats at day and another eats at night.
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
Species adapt and have traits that may help them with the resources
they use.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
When prey population decline then predator population decline. When
predator populations decline prey populations increase.
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
The animals that adapt to either there need for food or defense are the
fittest and will most likely survive longer than there counterparts.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration:
Animal coloring that hides the animal.
* Warning Coloration:
The coloring that makes the other species detect it and view it with
danger.
* Mimicry:
To have coloring that blends in with the back ground.
12: Define Parasitism:
When one organism depends on its host for nourishment.
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
When the two organisms combat each other my mutating to each other.
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against
herbivory?
Adaptations that help protect animals include thorns, poison, and other
animals.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
Insects bring pollen from one plant to another plant thus causing
reproduction of the plant.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy:
When one species release toxic chemicals the species around them while
they use that species resources.
* Commensalism:
When one species benefits from the other and the that other is not
effected.
* Facilitation:
When plants create shade allowing other species to prosper in the shade.
17: What is a community of organisms?
A group of species that coexist and interact.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions
(examples) below:
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy is lost through heat loss.
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological
footprint is smaller than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
Less energy is needed when you eat plants because it doesn’t have to
move up the food web.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
The food chain shows the relationship of how energy is transferred up
the trophic levels.
The food web is a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow.
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it
gets removed?
Keystone Species have a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of
proportion to its abundance and when its removed effects the surrounding
species for worse.
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
When one species indirectly affects the other species around it.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain
resistance and resilience.
Resistance is when the species in the community are indifferent to the
disturbance which would mean it is not a disturbance.
Resilience is when the community is only affected for a period of time but
then returns back to its original state.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has
become invasive? (Name several ways)
An invasive species is a species that has no natural predators and
reproduce rapidly. One way to remove is by depriving there source of oxygen.
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
It was almost totally destroyed by farm run off and almost killed off all
the wading birds.
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests:
Fertile Soil
* Temperate rainforests:
The fertile soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides.
* Tropical rainforests:
Poor acidic soil
* Tropical dry forest:
Erosion prone soil
* Desert:
Saline Soil
* Tundra:
Permafrost
* Boreal forest (Taiga):
Poor acidic soil
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain.
At the top and bottom they contain the more dry climates and less plants
and in soil becomes more fertile and vegetation in the middle.