Download LESSON 9

LESSON 9
TELEPORTATION
Translate the following paragraph:
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In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including IBM
Fellow Charles H. Bennett, confirmed the intuitions of the
majority of science fiction writers by showing that perfect
teleportation is indeed possible in principle, but only if the
original is destroyed. In subsequent years, other scientists have
demonstrated teleportation experimentally in a variety of
systems, including single photons, coherent light fields, nuclear
spins, and trapped ions. Teleportation promises to be quite
useful as an information processing primitive, facilitating long
range quantum communication (perhaps ultimately leading to a
"quantum internet"), and making it much easier to build a
working quantum computer. But science fiction fans will be
disappointed to learn that no one expects to be able to teleport
people or other macroscopic objects in the foreseeable future,
for a variety of engineering reasons, even though it would not
violate any fundamental law to do so.
1.Read the text (p.18) and answer the following questions:
What is teleportation?
Is teleportation possible?
2.Watch the film “Jumper” and answer the following questions:
Wht is quantum entaglement?
What is quantum teleportation?
3. Write a short essay in which you will expres your view and
opinion on teleportation or time travel!
LESSON 10
QUANTUM MECHANICS OF
ATOMS
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Bohr’s model the atom- a landmark of hitory of science
Broglie –matter wave hypothesis
Schroedinger and Heisenberg-quantum mechanics
Quatum phyics deals with microscopic world of atoms and light
we do not throw away classical theories such as Newton s laws
z Fig. 8 Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
Fig. 6 A typical model of the atom is called the Bohr Model, in honor of Niels
Bohr whoproposed the structure in 1913. The Bohr atom consists of a central
nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, which is surrounded by electrons
which “orbit” around the nucleus.
EXERCISES:
z I. Answer the questions:
z 1. In what way did Bohr’s model of the atom present a landmark of
history of science?
z 2. What do you know about quantum mechanics?
z 3. Can quantum mechanics be applied to macroscopic phenomena?
z 4. When do we use the theory of relativity and when quantum
mechanics?
z II. Complete the sentences:
z 1. Ervin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg
……………………………………………………..
z ………………………………………………………………………………………
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z 2. Quantum physics deals mainly
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z ………………………………………………………………………………………
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z 3. This does not mean
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z III.Translate the text (p.19)
LESSON 11
THE BEGINNING OF
TIME I
-1993. “Black Hole and Baby Universes, and other essays”
-has time a beginning?
-has time an end?
-the beginning about 15 billion years ago
-the lecture in Japan
-the Universe was thought to be static
-singularity-the laws of physics would have broken down
-events before the Big Bang are not defined
Exercises:
z
1.Translate the paragrapah
The time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human
life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was
thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other
hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and
technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can
not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise,
we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to
believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a
beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were
unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it
seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the
universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human
race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was
that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which
repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state.
z
Watch the film: Stephen Hawking –Does God exist?
Devide into two groups and discuss the thesis given in the film.
LESSON 12
THE BEGINNINGOF TIME II
Vocabulary:
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to collide- sudariti se
infinite –beskonačno
to move apart-razmaknuti
light cone-konus svijetla
to scatter-raspršiti se
equilibrium- ravnoteža
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“pecular velocities” of the galaxies
sideway velocities –galaxie rushed past each other
general relativity predicted singularities
the point of the cone is at our position, at present time
Is there enough matter on our paset light cone to focus it?
the Universe contains enough matter to focus our past light
cone
the Sun has a thermal spectrum
Exercise:Translate the paragraph
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As we look out at the universe, we are looking back in time
because light had to leave distant objects a long time ago, to
reach us at the present time. This means that the events we
observe lie on what is called our past light cone. The point of
the cone is at our position, at the present time. As one goes
back in time on the diagram, the light cone spreads out to
greater distances, and its area increases. However, if there is
sufficient matter on our past light cone, it will bend the rays of
light towards each other. This will mean that, as one goes back
into the past, the area of our past light cone will reach a
maximum, and then start to decrease. It is this focussing of
our past light cone, by the gravitational effect of the matter in
the universe, that is the signal that the universe is within its
horizon, like the time reverse of a black hole. If one can
determine that there is enough matter in the universe, to focus
our past light cone, one can then apply the singularity
theorems, to show that time must have a beginning
LESSON 13
THE BEGINNING OF TIME III
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Is the General theory of Relativity correct?
The combination of General Relativity with the Uncertainty Principle
Quantum theory introduces the idea of imaginary time
time in vertical direction, too
Imaginary time
The Euclidean space-time
The collapse is not the time reverse of the expansion
The Univere-more and more limpy and irregular
People will ger older evn after the Univere has begun to contract
The Univerwse has not existed forever
The no boundary hypothesis –the Univere wil collapse again
TIME IS NOT GOING TO GO BACKWARDS
Exercises:
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1.Answer the following questions:
Is General relativity correct? Explain!
How does Quantum theory predict the beginning of the Universe?
What is the Eucledian space-time?
Has the Universe existed forever? Explain!
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2. Group work with newspaper articles: Observing the Beginning of
time, American Scientist
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3.Write an essey (300 words) on the theme : Is there a beginning
and an end of time?
LESSON 14
A BRIEF HISTORY OF STRING
THEORY
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Vocabulary:
string- niz
supersymmetry-razmjer
fermion-fermion
boson-bozon
spin-rotacija
supergravity-nadgravitacija
excitation-podražaj
surge-val
to shed-baciti, proliti
perplexing-zbunjujući
property-svojstvo
• 1921 the Kaluza –Klein theory
• 1970 the String theory is born
• 1971 Supersymmetry
• 1974 Gravitation
• 1976 Supergravity
• 1980 Superstrings
• 1984 The Big Year
• 1991-1995 The Duality Revolution
• 1996 Black Hole Entropy
Tasks:
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What s the String Theory?
Make an outline if the String theory!
Translate the text on page 24
LESSON 16
HOW OLD IS THE UNIVERSE?
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There are at least 3 ways that
the age of the Universe can be
estimated.
The age of the chemical
elements.
The age of the oldest star
clusters.
The age of the oldest white
dwarf stars.
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Group work: Make 3 groups, work on the given
materials and discuss them!
(www.astro.ucla.edu/wright/age/html)
Translate the text on page 25.