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Teaching Fifth-Grade Text Features Using Doppler Radar, Satellites, and computer Models Features that help students understand how an informational text is organized: FeaturePurpose Title page Confirms title, author’s name, and publisher Contents page Identifies the topics to be presented and their order Chapter name, heading, or subheading Helps students identify main topics on a quick pass through the text Glossary Defines new and important words Further Reading and WebsitesHelps students expand their knowledge of the topic by listing other informational texts in print or on the Internet Index Lists the main ideas in the text, with page numbers to help students find them Visual aids that help students understand informational texts: Visual Aid Photo, drawing, or illustration Diagram Map Purpose Shows how something in the text looked or might have looked Gives a more detailed view of a complex topic Puts the places in the informational text in the context of space and time Features that point out important or additional information: FeaturePurpose Copyright page Tells students how current the information in a book is Bold print Tells students a word or idea is new and important; sometimes a glossary term Italic printTells students the word is supposed to stand out. It may be for emphasis or because it is a book name, a newspaper, a movie title, a foreign word, or the directional for a photo or an illustration. CaptionPoints out what’s in a photo, a drawing, or an illustration and relates it to the informational text; often gives more information LabelIdentifies important points of interest in a diagram or photograph that students might otherwise miss SidebarBoxed or otherwise highlighted bits of information that relate to but are not the same as the main informational text; likely not a main idea ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. 1 title page: This page tells you the title, author, and publisher of the book. title subtitle S LERNER PUBLICATIONS COMPANY · MINNEAPOLIS ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: © Dennis MacDonald/Alamy. 2 copyright page: This page tells you the year the book was published. This may be important for report writing when you need upto-date information. On this page, you can also find the address of the publisher. copyright year Text copyright © 2011 by Paul Fleisher All rights reserved. International copyright secured. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an acknowledged review. Lerner Publications Company A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. 241 First Avenue North Minneapolis, MN 55401 U.S.A. Website address: www.lernerbooks.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fleisher, Paul. Doppler radar, satellites, and computer models : the science of weather forecasting / by Paul Fleisher. p. cm. — (Weatherwise) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–8225–7535–1 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) 1. Weather forecasting—Juvenile literature. I. Title. QC995.43.F54 2011 551.63—dc22 2009044919 Manufactured in the United States of America 1 – PC – 7/15/10 ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. 3 contents page: This lists the chapters by chapter title and the pages on which they begin. It also lists features, such as a glossary or an index, that are in the back of the book. | the science of the ATMOSPHERE | | CONTENTS | 4 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER ONE: 19 CHAPTER TWO: 27 CHAPTER THREE: 37 CHAPTER FOUR: 44 45 45 46 47 Gathering Weather Information Reading a Weather Map Making a Prediction Predicting Climate Change GLOSSARY SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FURTHER READING WEBSITES INDEX ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: Eric Kurth, NOAA/NWS/ER/WFO/Sacramento. 4 | CHAPTER ONE | chapter title: GATHERING WEATHER INFORMATION This tells you what topic will be discussed in the chapter. Chapter titles often give you the main ideas of the book. S uppose you wanted to predict the weather for your area. Your first step would be to observe. You’d keep track of each day’s weather. You might take measurements several times a day. You’d record the temperature. You’d measure air pressure and humidity (the amount of moisture in the air). You’d measure the day’s rainfall or snowfall. You would study text or main text: the clouds overhead. You’d record the wind speed and These are the words and sentences that discuss and explain the main ideas of the book. Main text looks different from chapter titles or captions. direction. Before long, you’d start to see patterns. Some days you might see thick, puffy cumulus clouds building up early in the morning. You’d notice that thundershowers often happen on those days. On other days, you might see layered stratus clouds getting thicker. You’d find that steady rain or snow often follows those clouds. 8 ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: © Steve Allen/The Image Bank/Getty Images. 5 caption: These words tell you what is in the picture on the page. A caption is usually close to the picture it describes. Sometimes a caption will tell you if the picture is a photo or a drawing. A caption may also give you additional information that is not in the main text. THE EQUIPMENT ON BOARD THIS AIRPLANE HELPS METEOROLOGISTS GATHER INFORMATION ABOUT WEATHER CONDITIONS AND EVENTS. THIS SPECIALLY DESIGNED PLANE CAN SAFELY FLY INTO HURRICANES TO COLLECT STORM DATA. In the United States, the National Weather Service (NWS) is in charge of weather analysis. The NWS is a government agency. Its job is to observe and predict the weather. Collecting weather information is a huge task. The job never ends. It goes on twenty-four hours a day, headings and subheadings: every day of the year. These separate the main text into smaller chunks of information. A heading tells you what the section is about. MEASURING FROM EARTH’S SURFACE Weather stations gather information about the weather at Earth’s surface. The NWS operates 121 weather stations around the country. Each station has a complete set of instruments for measuring and recording weather conditions. Stations report their findings to the NWS four times a day. Instruments at weather stations include thermometers to measure temperature. Hygrometers measure humidity. Anemometers measure wind speed, and wind vanes show wind direction. Air pressure is measured with barometers. Rain gauges measure rainfall. Weather stations also identify the kinds of clouds overhead. 10 DOPPLER RADAR, SATELLITES, AND COMPUTER MODELS ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: Courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6 map: This flat drawing shows the shape and features of a place, such as a country, a state, or a city. label: These are words on a diagram or photo that point out important parts of the diagram or photo. On a map, labels name important features, such as rivers or cities. This map shows areas of high (H) and low (L) pressure. Low pressure conditions often bring storms. Air pressure affects winds and storms. FASCINATING FACT: Weather maps are also called synoptic charts. A synopsis is a summary. Synoptic charts summarize the weather. Large, spinning storms called cyclones form around low pressure. North of the equator, cyclones spin counterclockwise around low pressure. Cyclones spin clockwise south of the equator. Winds also circle around high pressure centers, which have fair weather. These winds circle in the opposite direction from cyclone winds. Scientists measure air pressure in millibars. Often, where air pressure is low, the weather is stormy. Where the pressure is high, the weather is usually fair. Average 20 DOPPLER RADAR, SATELLITES, AND COMPUTER MODELS ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: © Courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 7 The radar scans the sky for several hundred miles. It shows where rain is falling and how heavy the rain is. It shows which way a storm is moving. Doppler radar also displays movement within a cloud. Spinning clouds may signal severe thunderstorms or tornadoes. Sometimes scientists at a weather station see a severe storm forming on their radar screens. They check the direction it is moving. They trace the likely path of the storm using computers. Scientists then send alerts to local radio and TV stations. The alerts name towns in the storm’s path. They warn people to take shelter. sidebars: These are short bits of text with their own headers. They are usually boxed and separated from the main text. Sidebars give additional information. When severe weather may be on the way, the NWS alerts the public. It issues a watch, a war ning, or an advisory. A watch means dangerous storms are possible. For example, a thunderstorm watch tells people thunderstorms may develop. A warning means a storm has been spotted. A severe thunderstorm warning means the weather station is tracking a dangerous storm that is expected to travel through the local area. Advisories are used for less severe conditions. For example, wind advisories alert peop le if winds are blowing at 25 to 39 miles (40 to 63 km) per hour . A high wind warning is for winds of 40 miles (64 km) per hour or more. 14 ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: © Ilene MacDonald/Alamy. 8 diagram: This is a drawing that gives a simpler view of complex information. Short labels point out important parts of the drawing. Warm Front Cold Front col df RM WA ro nt COLD AIR AIR rm wa WARM AIR movement of front nt fro COLD AIR movement of front When cold air pushes under warmer air, a cold front forms. On the map, a cold front is a line of triangles. It is often printed in blue. The triangles point in the direction the front is moving. A warm front forms when warm air moves over colder air. A warm front is shown on a map by a line of half circles. It is often printed in red. The half circles point in the direction the front is moving. Sometimes two air masses sit side by side. Neither one can push the other out of the way. This is a stationary front. It appears on a map as a line of alternating triangles and half circles. The half circles point in one direction. The triangles point in the other. The line may be printed in alternating red and blue. When a fast-moving cold front catches up to a slower-moving warm front, it is called an occluded front. In an occluded front, warm air is squeezed up above two colder air masses—the cold air that was ahead of the warm front and the cold air that caught up to the warm front. A map may show this front as a line of purple triangles and half circles. Or it may be a line of alternating blue triangles and red half circles. The shapes all point in the same direction. They show which way the front is moving. 24 DOPPLER RADAR, SATELLITES, AND COMPUTER MODELS ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. Image: © Laura Westlund/Independent Picture Service. 9 glossary: GLOSSARY This is a list of the book’s unfamiliar or important words or phrases with a definition after each term. air pressure: the force of air pushing evenly in all directions against any object anemometer: a device that measures wind speed atmosphere: the blanket of gases that surrounds Earth’s surface barometer: an instrument that measures air pressure buoy: a device that floats in the water, usually anchored in place. Weather buoys carry instruments to measure weather conditions. climate: the average weather or typical weather patterns of a region climate change: long-term changes in Earth’s weather patterns and averages cyclone: a region of low pressure with winds that circle counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones usually produce storms. dew point: the temperature at which water vapor in the air condenses into liquid. The dew point is a measure of humidity. forecast: a prediction of future weather front: the zone where two different air masses meet global warming: the recent rise in the average temperature of Earth’s lower atmosphere. Most scientists think this is due to more heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. greenhouse effect: the natural process by which the atmosphere traps heat near Earth’s surface, keeping the heat from escaping into space bold print: greenhouse gases: gases, including water vapor and carbon dioxide, that hold heat in the atmosphere Words in bold print have thick, black letters. You might not know what these words mean. They are usually in a glossary, or a list with meanings, at the end of the book. humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air hygrometer: a device that measures relative humidity isobar: a line on a weather map that shows locations with the same air pressure isotherm: a dashed line on a weather map that shows locations with the same temperature meteorologist: a scientist who studies weather and climate outlook: a long-range weather prediction that covers one to three months prog: a computer-drawn weather map that predicts future weather conditions. Prog is short for “prognostic chart.” radar: a device that locates distant objects, such as moisture droplets, using radio waves. Doppler radar can also measure speed and direction. radiosonde: a package of weather instruments carried beneath a weather balloon rain gauge: a device that measures the amount of rain that has fallen 44 ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. 10 satellite: a machine in orbit around Earth supercomputer: a very fast computer with huge amounts of memory and computing power thermometer: a device that measures temperature weather: the current condition of the atmosphere weather model: also called atmospheric model; a computer program that collects weather data and uses it to predict future changes in the weather weather station: a center with a set of instruments for measuring and recording weather conditions, including temperature, air pressure, wind speed and direction, and rainfall wind barb: a symbol on a weather map that shows wind direction and speed wind vane: a device that indicates wind direction SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguardo, Edward, and James E. Burt. Understanding Weather & Climate. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004. Ahrens, C. Donald. Meteorology Today. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson Higher Education, 2007. italic: This type is slanted to make a word or phrase stand out. Italicized words may be names of books, newspapers, movies, ships, or foreign words. They may also tell you which caption goes with which photo. Allaby, Michael. The Facts on File Weather and Climate Handbook. New York: Facts on File, 2002. Dunlop, Storm. Weather. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Lutgens, Frederick and Edward J. Tarbuck. The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006. Mayes, Julian. Understanding Weather: A Visual Approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. further reading: This is a list of books and websites on the same subject as the book you just read. This list is at the end of your book. It can be helpful in doing research for reports. FURTHER READING Allaby, Michael. DK Guide to Weather. New York: DK Pub., 2006. Lots of vivid photos and information are packed into this book to help readers explore the various aspects of weather. Carson, Mary Kay. Weather Projects for Young Scientists: Experiments and Science Fair Ideas. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2007. This book offers comprehensive weatherrelated activities, putting a fun spin on learning about the weather. Johnson, Rebecca L. Satellites. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 2006. Get an in-depth look at satellites through the many facts and real-life photos this book has to offer. 45 ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. 11 index: This is a list of the main ideas in the book, with page numbers to tell you where to find them. INDEX air pressure, 7–8, 10, 13, 19–20, 26, 28–29, 35, 43 National Hurricane Center, 11, 32 atmosphere, 5, 15–16, 37 National Weather Service (NWS), 10–15, 17–18, 26, 28, 35 barometer, 10, 35 precipitation, 17, 22, 26 clouds, 4, 8, 14, 16, 26, 29, 42–43 Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES), 16–17 cumulus cloud, 8, 29, 36 prognostic chart (prog), 30–31 Doppler radar, 13–14 radar, 9, 14–15, 18, 31 Florida, 4, 11, 30 radiosonde, 12–13 forecasters, 5–7, 13, 15–16, 18, 23, 26, 30–32, 34 satellite, 9, 15–16, 18, 31, 41 forecasts, 5–7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 28, 30–35, 37–38, 41 stratus cloud, 8, 29 front, 22, 24–25, 29 thermometer, 10, 35 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), 15–17 weather balloon, 12–13 global warming, 40 humidity, 8, 10, 13, 16–17, 23, 28–29, 35 hurricane, 4, 11, 30 hygrometer, 10, 35 Storm Prediction Center, 11 weather map (synoptic chart), 19–22, 25 weather stations, 10–15, 17–18, 25–26, 35 wind vanes, 9–10 World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 12 isobar, 21 isotherm, 22 meteorologist, 4, 6, 9–10, 12–13, 16–18, 28, 31, 33–34 47 ™ Copyright © 2012 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. Lerner DigitalTM and Lerner eSourceTM are trademarks of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. www.lernerbooks.com. From Doppler Radar, Satellites, and Computer Models: The Science of Weather Forecasting. © by Paul Fleisher. 12