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Behavioral Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Module 14 Genes: Our Codes for Life • Chromosomes are long twisted strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) found in the nucleus of the cell • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes • DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and carries instructions • DNA code carried on each chromosome is arranged in thousands of segments called genes. • Genes are the basic unit of heredity – Complex traits are formed from different combinations of genes – Can be activated by environment Expressing Genes: Dominant & Recessive • Genotype—Set of genes you’re born with • Phenotype—traits that are expressed/displayed (influenced by genes & environmental factors • Dominant genes—will always be expressed if present • Traits such as freckles, dark eyes, dark hair, and dimples are referred to as dominant characteristics because they require only one member of a gene pair to be dominant for the trait to be displayed • Recessive genes—will expressed only if paired with an identical recessive gene. Will not be expressed if paired with a dominant gene. • We inherit from our biological parents a genetic potential, the expression of which can be influenced by environmental conditions. Characteristic Dominant Recessive Eye color Brown Grey, blue Hair Dark Curly Light Straight Hands Extra fingers 5 fingers Limb dwarfing Normal limbs Face Broad lips Dimples Thin lips No dimples Twin Studies Monozygotic Twins: Dizygotic Twins: •Share 100% same genes but can have different phenotypes •Genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings Differences can be attributed to: •Share same fetal environment •Don’t always have same copy of genes •If develop in different placentas (Dizygotic) (Monozygotic) Twin Studies & Family Influence Thomas Bouchard & the Minnesota Twins studies • If trait genetic: • closely related more similar than less closely related • Many close relatives share environments too • Types of studies to separate effects • • • • • monozygotic twins reared together monozygotic twins reared apart siblings/dizygotic reared together siblings/dizygotic reared apart adoptive siblings reared together • Personality characteristics does not seem to be heavily influenced by environment. • Environment does impact attitudes, values, manners, faith & politics • See the famous case of the Jim Twins (watch first 8 min) Nature or Nurture? Twin Studies & IQ Molecular Genetics • Seeks to identify specific genes that influence behavior • Hope is to predict the potential of a problem and then take steps to prevent it. • Ethical concerns in regards to if this is a good idea? Heritability • How much of our differences can be attributed to our differing genes? • Refers to the variation between the group, NOT the influence of nature or nurture. • Heritable trait is one that is capable of being passed down from parent to child. • The more similar the environment, the more heritability can explain differences between people. Gene-Environment Interaction • Genes react to the environment. - Example: nutrition affecting if you’ll reach your genetic potential for height - See Nature & Nurture: The Study of Twins (4 min) – Prenatal environmental differences can have long term effects but environment can help one reach their potential. • Environment acts in response to what genes have given us. - Example: good looking people are typically treated more kindly by society • Selection Effects – We select environments that suit our nature. • Epigenetics – studies how environment can trigger or block genetic expression • Diet, drugs, stress affect epigenetic molecules on your DNA • This explains why two identical twins could have the genetic precursor for a mental disorder but only one ends up having it.