Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Z202 Chapter 14 Acoelomate Animals I. General Features: Acoelomate Bilateria A. Position in the Animal Kingdom 1. Acoelomates – a. Solid body w/out Coelom 2. Simplest animals w/ Bilateral Symmetry a. most efficient form for active directed movement - anterior-posterior orientation - dorsal and ventral sides b. derived from Cephalization (concentration sense organs on head) (provides anterior/posterior ends) 3. Other features: a. Protostomes w/ spiral cleavage b. Triploblastic (all 3 germ layers) c. organ-system level of organization d. more complex of nervous system e. Simplest excretory/osmoregulatory, circulatory and digestive system (complete) II. Protostomia Clades A. Protostomis divided into 2 large clades: 1. Lophotrochozoa – share either: ♦ horse-shoe shaped feeding structure (lophophore) ♦ particular larval form called trochophore 2. Ecdysozoa – possess a cuticle that is molted as they grow III. Lophotrochozoa - Phylum Platyhelminthes A. Characteristics - range mm to many meters in length (avg 1-3 cm) - free-living (turbellarians/planarians, some larvae stages) OR - parasitic (flukes & tapeworms) B. Form & Function 1. Tegument & Muscles - Turbellarians ciliated epidermis w/ protective mucous sheath & adhesive organs - Parenchyma cells fills spaces of body @ muscle fibers acoelomates - Some have Synctial Epidermis (appear multinucleated) 2. Nutrition & Digestion - range from no digestive to simple extracellular incomplete (mouth/pharynx/gastrovascular cavity divided into intestine) - planarians have protruding pharynx & 3 branched intestines (1 anterior, 2 posterior) 3. Excretion & Osmoregulation - most have protonephridia w/ flame cells (flagella drives fluid down collecting ducts - walls reabsorb) (collecting ducts join & empty at nephridiopores) - metabolic wastes removed by diffusion through body walls (primarily ammonia) - elaborate ducting since no circulatory system 4. Nervous System - subepidermal nerve plexus resembles nerve net/ladder - 1 to 5 pairs of longitudinal nerve cords lie under muscle layer - Brain is bi-lobed ganglion anterior to ventral cords - Nerves (unidirectional) specialized: sensory, motor, association 5. Sense Organs - active locomotion favored cephalization & sense organ evolution - sense organs range: light-sensitive eyespots (ocelli) touch & chemical receptors cells abundant statocyts for equilibrium rheoreceptors for sensing H2O current nerve endings in oral suckers, holdfast organs & genital pores in parasites 6. Reproduction & Regeneration - Fission (regenerate 1/2 of each side) - Some asexual reproduction (may occur in host) - Nearly all monoecious but cross-fertilize - Sexual reproduction (develop F and M organs) - tapeworms attached multiple reproductive segments (proglottid) - life cycle often requires multiple hosts ♦ liver fluke – requires human & snail hosts 7. Classification Class Turbellaria (planaria) Class Trematoda (parasitic flukes) Class Cestoda (tapeworms) ♦ life cycle includes multiple hosts: 1. humans 2. cattle/sheep/ pork IV. Phylum Mesozoa A. “Middle Animals” - termed coined in 1876 as “missing link” between protozoa & metazoan (true animals) - minute, ciliated “worms” with extremely simple level of organization - all live as parasites or symbionts in marine invertebrates (0.5 to 7 mm in length for most) - composed of 20-30 cells arranges in 2 layers (not similar to germ layers) - 2 classes: Rhombozoa and Orthonectida V. Phylum Nemertea "Ribbon Worms" A. General Characteristics - over 1000 species - most are less than 20cm long (some stretch to 60m) & all have ciliated epidermis (also glandular) - most marine; some found in moist soil & freshwater - body plan similar to planaria Exceptions: ♦ digestive system is extracellular complete ♦ reproductive – dioecious (sexual reproduction prominent) - most obvious feature is proboscis (extend to capture prey) - simplest animals w/ blood-vascular system (circulatory) - most are active predators; some scavengers or parasites VI. Phylogeny & Classification A. Phylogeny - body shape & metabolic requirements ideal for parasitic lifestyle - Ribbon worms evolve beyond flatworms for a narrow predatory niche - rDNA, embryonic development, & mesodermal origin indicate acoelomates are not monophyletic B. Classification Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria (planaria) Class Trematoda (parasitic flukes) Class Cestoda (tapeworms) Phylum Mesozoa Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms)