Download Study Guide—Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and

Study Guide—Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
1. How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar?
2. How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?
3. Understand and use the general terms and prefixes used to describe bacterial species: coccus,
bacillus, spirilla, strepto-, staphylo-, diplo-, tetrad, sarcinae, vibrio, spirochete.
4. Describe the structure and significance of the prokaryotic glycocalyx, capsule, slime layer,
and extracellular polysaccharide.
5. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella.
6. Describe the phenomenon of “taxis” in bacteria and its importance.
7. Describe the function of axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili in prokaryotes.
8. Describe the structure and significance of the prokaryotic cell wall.
9. How are Gram-positive cell walls different from Gram-negative cell walls? What is
peptidoglycan? Endotoxin? How does Gram staining affect bacterial cell walls?
10. Describe some ways that bacterial cell walls can be damaged. What happens to the cell if its
wall is damaged?
11. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. How does this relate to the “fluid mosaic
model?”
12. What is meant by the term “selective permeability?”
13. Be able to describe the following: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, osmotic pressure, group translocation.
14. Be able to use and understand the following terms that deal with tonicity of fluids: isotonic,
hypotonic, hypertonic.
15. What is cytoplasm, and what does it contain?
16. What is the bacterial nucleoid?
17. What is a bacterial plasmid?
18. Describe a bacterial chromosome.
19. What is a ribosome? Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes.
20. Generally speaking, what are inclusions?
21. Describe endospore formation, and its importance for the survival of bacteria.
22. Be familiar with the organelles found in eukaryotes. Be able to give a brief description and
function of each.
23. What is the “endosymbiotic theory?” What is the evidence in support of this theory?