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Chapter 21 Review 1 The criteria for a good model organism for studying development would include all of the following EXCEPT A B C D E 2 The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function is called A B C D E 3 translation. transcription. DNA replication. histone formation. nuclear membrane formation. Although quite different in structure, plants and animals share some basic similarities in their development, such as A B C D E 5 cloning. totipotency. determination. morphogenesis. cell differentiation. In most cases, cell differentiation is controlled at the level of A B C D E 4 short generation time. a relatively small genome. observable embryonic development. preexisting knowledge of the organism's life history. a rare pattern of development when compared to most organisms. cell division increasing the number of cells. the creation of form through morphogenesis. master regulatory genes that encode DNA-binding proteins. cell differentiation and the organization of cells into tissues and organs. all of the above In animals, but not in plants, __________ is necessary to transform the early embryo into the characteristic three-dimensional form of the organism. A B C D E cell death cell growth cell division cell movement cell differentiation 11/7/2011 10:30:09 AM Page 1 Chapter 21 Review 6 One striking difference between development in plants and development in animals is that in plant development A B C D E 7 _______ refers to the progressive restriction of developmental potential, causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops. A B C D E 8 B C D E Differentiated cells in plants generally cannot develop into multiple cell types. Differentiated cells in animals generally cannot develop into multiple cell types. Differentiation does not necessarily involve irreversible changes in the DNA of an organism. Differences between cells arise during development as regulatory mechanisms turn specific genes on and off. Differences between cells in a multicellular organism come almost entirely from differences in gene expression. In plants, mature cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to all the specialized cell types of the mature organism. Such cells are said to be A B C D E 10 Determination Morphogenesis Cell differentiation Homeotic regulation Determinate growth Which of the following statements about differentiation is FALSE? A 9 cell differentiation never stops. cell differentiation is rarely permanent. once a structure develops, it cannot reverse its path. growth and morphogenesis continue throughout the life of the plant. chemical signals play a much greater role than in animal development. totipotent. pluripotent. ultrapotent. multipotent. megapotent. What characteristics set animal stem cells apart from other cells? A B C D E They are able to replenish their own population. They are able to generate cells that travel down various differentiation pathways. They contain different sets of chromosomes than other cells in the animal's body. Both A and B Both A and C 11/7/2011 10:30:09 AM Page 2 Chapter 21 Review 11 In animals, embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells in that A B C D E 12 Which of the following serve as sources of developmental information for the cells of an embryo? A B C D E 13 E are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. specify the anterior-posterior axis for each fruit fly segment. create the basic subdivisions of the anterior-posterior axis of the fly embryo. are responsible for the programmed cell death occurring during morphogenesis. encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. Which of the following statements concerning homeotic genes is FALSE? A B C D E 15 signal molecules produced by neighboring cells cytoplasmic determinants produced before fertilization ubiquitous enzymes such as DNA polymerase and DNA ligase A and B only A, B, and C Homeotic genes A B C D 14 embryonic stem cells have more genes than adult stem cells. embryonic stem cells have fewer genes than adult stem cells. embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, and adult stem cells are totipotent. embryonic stem cells are totipotent, and adult stem cells are pluripotent. embryonic stem cells are localized to specific sites within the embryo, whereas adult stem cells are spread throughout the body. They were first identified in Drosophila by Edward Lewis. A mutation may cause alterations in the identity of body segments. They are found in all animals, but nothing like them exists in plants. A specific 180-nucleotide DNA sequence is common to all of the genes. The peptide gene product is a regulatory protein that controls transcription. Human gonads begin as undifferentiated organs that can form either an ovary or a testis. The formation depends on the hormonal signals that control the growth and change of some cells and the death of others. According to this description, the development of gonads in humans must involve A B C D E mitosis. apoptosis. cell differentiation. A and B only A, B, and C 11/7/2011 10:30:09 AM Page 3 Chapter 21 Review Page 4 Answer Key : Chapter 21 Review Question: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11/7/2011 10:30:09 AM Answer E E B E D D A A A D D D E C E