Download Psychology 101: Introduction to Psychology

Psychology 101: Introduction to Psychology
Chapter 6: Practice Questions
1. ______ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.
A) Recall
B) Cognition
C) Learning
D) Memory
E) Perception
2. After receiving a cute boy's cell phone number, Tammie mentally repeats the number
over and over in her head. This process converts auditory signals into strings of
recognizable sounds, and it is called __________ encoding.
A) vocal
B) internal
C) acoustic
D) sub-auditory
E) semantic
3. In memory encoding, mental picture is to _____ as meaning is to _____.
A) auditory; semantic
B) auditory; visual
C) visual; auditory
D) visual; semantic
E) semantic; auditory
4. In sensory memory, auditory stimuli are to _____ memory as visual stimuli are to
______ memory.
A) eidetic; iconic
B) iconic; echoic
C) echoic; iconic
D) iconic; eidetic
E) eidetic; echoic
5. Mark's friends say he has a “photographic memory.” In scientific terms, Mark's memory
ability is described as
A) iconic memory.
B) eidetic imagery.
C) immediate imagery.
D) semantic memory.
E) echoic memory.
6. The “Magic 7” refers to the
A) duration of sensory memory.
B) capacity of short-term memory.
C) capacity of sensory memory.
D) duration of short-term memory.
E) number of systems in the leading model of short-term memory.
7. Maintenance rehearsal is
A) synonymous with chunking.
B) consciously repeating information over and over again.
C) connecting to-be-remembered information with already-stored information.
D) synonymous with whole rehearsal.
E) picturing an object, pattern, or image in your mind.
8. The process of converting unstable, short-term memory into lasting, stable memories is
called
A) eidetic engineering.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) consolidation.
E) chunking.
9. Dreams that occur during REM sleep are important for which memory process?
A) Perception of sensory information in the sensory register
B) Formation of flashbulb memories
C) Maintenance rehearsal
D) Consolidation of short-term memories into long-term memories
E) Holding material in the eidetic engine
10. Compared to short-term memory, long-term memory relies
A) more on semantic coding and less on acoustic coding.
B) more on visual coding and less on acoustic coding.
C) about the same on acoustic coding.
D) about the same on semantic coding.
E) equally on acoustic, visual, and semantic coding.
11. The semantic network model proposes a process called ______ in which thinking of a
concept leads to a rippling effect that triggers other related concepts.
A) consolidation
B) spreading activation
C) neuronal networking
D) long-term potentiation
E) eidetic engineering
12. The levels-of-processing theory explains the
A) interaction among the components of working memory.
B) organization of the semantic network model.
C) superiority of elaborative rehearsal over maintenance rehearsal.
D) direction of spreading activation.
E) process of consolidating memories during sleep.
13. Declarative memory is also known as
A) procedural memory.
B) demonstrative memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) explicit memory.
E) implicit memory.
14. All of the following are categories of declarative memory EXCEPT
A) semantic.
B) episodic.
C) procedural.
D) prospective.
E) retrospective.
15. Your general world information (e.g., state capitals, U.S. Presidents) is stored in
A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) prospective memory.
D) retrospective memory.
E) short-term memory.
16. Keiko knows that Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah and that George Washington was
the first president of the United States. These are examples of
A) procedural memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) historical memory.
D) working memory.
E) prospective memory.
17. Semantic memory is most analogous to a(n)
A) best-selling novel.
B) diary.
C) journal.
D) day planner.
E) encyclopedia.
18. Procedural long-term memory might best be described as
A) knowing when.
B) knowing what.
C) knowing how.
D) knowing which.
E) knowing that.
19. Regarding implicit and explicit memory, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does
not.
B) Explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while implicit memory does
not.
C) Both implicit and explicit memory require a conscious effort to recall.
D) Neither implicit nor explicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall.
E) Implicit memory requires a conscious effort to recall, while explicit memory does
not, but only for procedural memories.
20. An organized knowledge structure reflecting one's past experience and future
expectations is called a
A) stereotype.
B) phonological loop.
C) memory schema.
D) semantic network.
E) reconstructed memory.
21. In a study reported in the text, African American children were told stories in which
light- and dark-complexioned African American characters were associated with either
positive or negative attributes. When the children were asked to recall the stories, what
happened?
A) The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters
had positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative
attributes.
B) The children remembered more stories in which the light-complexioned characters
had negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive
attributes.
C) The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had
positive attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had negative attributes.
D) The children preferred stories in which the light-complexioned characters had
negative attributes and the dark-complexioned characters had positive attributes.
E) The children were able to remember all stories equally well, regardless of the
attributes assigned to the characters.
22. Flashbulb memories are __________ other long-term memories.
A) less vivid and less accurate than
B) more vivid and more accurate than
C) more vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
D) less vivid and about the same level of accuracy as
E) more vivid and less accurate than
23. Flashbulb memories are most likely to be associated with
A) misinformation effects.
B) recovered memories of early childhood abuse.
C) emotionally-charged experiences.
D) near death experiences.
E) situations that are similar to the situation in which the memory was first encoded.
24. ______ occurs when eyewitnesses are given incorrect data during the retention interval
of memory.
A) The serial position effect
B) Proactive interference
C) The primacy effect
D) Retroactive interference
E) The misinformation effect
25. Which of the following psychologists is a leading expert on eyewitness testimony?
A) Baddeley
B) Loftus
C) Lashley
D) Kandel
E) Miller
26. Which of the following calls into question the credibility of recovered memories of
childhood abuse?
A) Research showing that false memories can be created under experimental
conditions
B) Research showing that people who claim to be abuse victims tend to be dishonest
C) Research showing that hypnosis always heightens suggestibility to false memories
D) Research showing that the misinformation effect played a key role in several cases
of false allegations
E) The horrific nature of the memories
27. In most cases, long-repressed memories of childhood abuse come to light during
A) dreams.
B) hypnosis or psychotherapy.
C) periods of relative calm.
D) everyday life tasks.
E) interviews with law enforcement personnel.
28. Which statement best describes the current state of opinion on recovered memories of
childhood abuse?
A) Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine, and these memories are
credible sources of testimony in legal cases.
B) Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are genuine, but they are still not
credible sources of testimony in legal cases.
C) Most recovered memories of childhood abuse are false, and they should not be
considered a credible source of testimony in legal cases.
D) Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists
lack the tools to differentiate between them.
E) Some recovered memories are genuine, whereas others are false, and psychologists
have now developed techniques that can reliably distinguish between them.
29. The idea that memory gradually disintegrates over time is the basis of
A) decay theory.
B) interference theory.
C) the semantic network model.
D) retrieval theory.
E) constructionist theory.
30. In his studies of memory, Ebbinghaus found that ______ of the information was lost by
the end of the first day after studying, and that ______ of the information was lost after
a month had passed.
A) 22%; 66%
B) 33%; 66%
C) 33%; 80%
D) 66%; 80%
E) 66%; 99%
31. Proactive inference is when
A) older memories interfere with newer memories.
B) newer memories interfere with older memories.
C) more frequently experienced events interfere with less frequently experienced
events.
D) less frequently experienced events interfere with more frequently experienced
events.
E) items in the middle of a list interfere with memorizing the first and last items.
32. While Althea was filling out a job application, memory of her current address prevented
her from accurately remembering her previous address. This is an example of
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.
E) the serial position effect.
33. The serial position effect occurs when people
A) remember the first things in a list the best.
B) remember the last things in a list the best.
C) remember the first and last things in a list the best.
D) have difficulty remembering the first and last things in a list.
E) remember things they learn first better than things they learn last.
34. In memory processes, the primacy effect refers to
A) inferior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
B) inferior memory for items at the end of a list.
C) superior memory for items at the end of a list.
D) superior memory for items at the beginning of a list.
E) superior memory for items at both the beginning and end of the list.
35. In memory, as time passes between learning and recall,
A) both the primacy and recency effects weaken.
B) neither the primacy nor the recency effects weaken.
C) the primacy but not the recency effect weakens.
D) the recency but not the primacy effect weakens.
E) the recency effect becomes stronger and the primacy effect weakens.
36. To avoid interference effects on memory, your text recommends all but which of the
following?
A) Study material directly before going to sleep.
B) Practice or rehearse fresh memories aloud.
C) Practice new memories beyond the point necessary to reproduce them without error.
D) Don't schedule your classes one right after another.
E) Study material that is similar in content in back-to-back fashion.
37. When Louise told her friend about a book she had just read, she was able to provide a
lot of details about the last several pages. This demonstrates the
A) spaced practice effect.
B) distributed practice effect.
C) primacy effect.
D) recency effect.
E) massed versus spaced practice effect.
38. Many people cannot say whether the doorknob is on the left or right side of their front
door. This is most likely due to
A) proactive interference.
B) retroactive interference.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) encoding failure.
E) the serial position effect.
39. Repression was first proposed by
A) Loftus.
B) Freud.
C) Miller.
D) Baddeley.
E) Ebbinghaus.
40. All but which of the following are difficulties with the concept of repression, as
presented by Freud?
A) Freud's concept of repression does not account for ordinary forgetting.
B) Many people who have been traumatized retain vivid, fragmented memories of their
experiences.
C) Many victims of trauma have difficulty putting the events out of their minds.
D) Since repression operates unconsciously, it is almost impossible to test
scientifically.
E) Today, most experts believe that repression does not occur.
41. In retrograde amnesia,
A) new memories interfere with old.
B) old memories interfere with new.
C) new long-term memories cannot be formed.
D) old long-term memories are lost.
E) all memories are kept hidden from awareness.
42. In anterograde amnesia, there is
A) an inability to form new long-term memories.
B) an inability to retrieve old long-term memories.
C) a problem where new information interferes with old.
D) a problem where old information interferes with new.
E) a problem where all memories are kept hidden from awareness.
43. Describe three theories of forgetting.
44. A physical trace of memory in the brain is termed a(n)
A) flashbulb memory.
B) schema.
C) engram.
D) mnemonic.
E) neuronal network.
45. The conversion of short-term memory into long-term declarative memory most likely
involves the
A) hypothalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) thalamus.
D) medulla.
E) brainstem.
46. A device for improving memory is a(n)
A) mnemonic.
B) engram.
C) consolidator.
D) retrograde recaller.
E) neuronal network.
Answer Key
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D
C
D
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B
B
B
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D
A
B
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B
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A
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A
An early view of forgetting was decay theory. Based on work by Hermann Ebbinghaus,
this theory suggests that forgetting reflects the gradual deterioration of memory traces
over time. Ebbinghaus's research showed that forgetting is rapid at first, but declines
more gradually over time. Decay theory effectively explains memory loss with the
passage of time, but fails to indicate how other factors influence forgetting.
Interference theory suggests that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories
with each other. For example, proactive interference is when previously learned
information interferes with more recent information. Retroactive interference is when
more recent information interferes with previously learned information. Interference
helps explain the serial position effect and primacy and recency effects. The serial
position effect occurs when the first and last information in a list is remembered better
than information in the middle of the list. Enhanced recall of the first information is
called the primacy effect, whereas enhanced recall of the last information is called the
recency effect.
Another perspective is retrieval theory, which suggests that forgetting is the result of a
failure to access stored memories. This can occur through encoding failure or from lack
of retrieval cues. This theory helps explain the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which
people are certain they know something but cannot seem to bring it to mind.
44. C
45. B
46. A