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Memory Notes
Information Processing
Information processing model – A ________________________________ model
Three basic steps
_______________ – getting information into the memory system
_______________ – retaining information over time
_______________ – getting information out of storage
Encoding
Automatic processing: ___________________________________________________
Usually __________________, ___________________, etc.
Effortful Processing: _____________________________________________________
Requires _______________ and __________________ _________________
Rehearsal – _____________________
Hermann Ebbinghaus - __________________________________________________
Tip 1- __________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Overlearning - __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Tip 2 – _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Serial position effect
Primacy effect – _________________________________________________________
Recency effect – ________________________________________________________
Tip 3 – _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Spacing effect
______________ rehearsal works better than ________________ rehearsal
Tip 4 – _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Encoding meaning
The best way to remember is to remember _____________________ and not
_____________________________________.
Tip 5 – _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Encoding imagery – This is easy for us to do.
We tend to remember _____________ things more than _____________ things (called
“______________ ___________________________”).
Levels of Processing
Shallow Processing is also known as _____________________________ rehearsal
Involves simple _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
This is not an effective way to encode material.
Deep Processing is also known as ____________________________ rehearsal
Coding by ____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Makes information more ______________________________.
Subjective organization is ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Improves________________________ and, therefore, makes remembering information
more ________________________________.
Tip 6 –_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mnemonic Devices – ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Single use mnemonics are designed to ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Acronyms or the “____________________” is useful when item order is important
Method of loci – _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Peg-word system – ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Tip 7 – _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Organizing Information
Chunking – ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Hierarchy – ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Tip 8 – _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Storage
Sensory memory – also called ________________________________________.
A very _______________ memory for _______________ information.
Allows us a very short period of time to ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Most information is discarded, but some is selected for more
_______________________________________________________________________.
Visual sensory register – _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
This kind of memory is called ____________________________________________.
Original research in this area involved
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Auditory sensory register – _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
This kind of memory is called ____________________________________________.
Short-term Memory
Working memory – ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Experiments indicate the duration of short-term memory is limited to about ____
seconds unless _____________________________, in which case it is maintained in
short-term memory _______________________________.
Capacity of short-term memory
About _________________ items can be maintained in short-term memory if the
information was encoded __________________________.
The information held in short-term memory can be increased if it is __________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Long-term Memory
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
There are 3 types of long-term memories, according to Estonian-Canadian
psychologist _____________ ________________.
1. Episodic memories are those for _______________________________________, such
as what you had for breakfast this morning.
2. Semantic memories are for ____________________________________________, such
as the temperature at which water boils.
3. Procedural memories are those that relate _______________________________, such
as your memory of how to brush your teeth.
Explicit and implicit memories
Explicit (or declarative) memories are those ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Implicit (or non-declarative) memories are those __________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________. !
Flashbulb memories – ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Memory and the brain
The brain __________________ and ___________________________ memories.
Memories are not _____________________________________________________________.
When parts are missing we _______________________________, sometimes incorrectly.
Retrieval
Recall – ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Recognition – _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Easier than recall
Remember that memories are not “in” one place. We rely on different pathways. We
need “road signs” called _______________________________ to get to the information.
Context effect
We remember things more easily ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
The ___________________ gives retrieval cues to remember items. (Like going to a
place you haven’t been for a long time and remembering things from when you were
there before.)
State Dependency
We remember things more easily when __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Our _______________________ gives retrieval cues to remember items. (If you study
happy, you’ll do better on the test if you’re happy. If you drink caffeine when you
study, you’ll do better if you have caffeine before the test.)
Forgetting and Memory Construction
We can cause ourselves to forget at any stage of memory.
Forgetting as encoding failure
For whatever reason, we don’t ____________________ the information in the first place.
Lots of reasons we might not ______________________.
Not so much forgetting as ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Forgetting as storage failure – Also known as ____________________.
Happens quickly – most happens in _________________________________________.
Whatever you remember for ___________________, you will probably remember forever.
Forgetting as retrieval failure – Interference
Proactive – Disruptive effect of ____________________________ learning on the recall of
_________________________ stored information.
Retroactive – Disruptive effect of _________________________ learning on the recall of
__________________________________________.
Motivated forgetting – Forgetting on purpose (___________________________________)