Download organ system answers review the chapter

Ch 32 Reviewing the Chapter Questions p 611 #1, 2, 4, 5, 6,7, 8
1. Invertebrates without a circulatory system use their environment and diffuse gases and material through their bodies as these invertebrates are have a very skin outer layer. In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the heart pumps hemolymph around the circulatory system but it has open spaces so the hemolymph drains back to the heart. In invertebrates with a closed circulatory system, the heart pumps around the blood in blood vessels around the whole body. 2. The circulatory in a fish only consists of two areas, the atrium and the ventricle. The blood is taken through the veins throughout the body then through capillaries, then into the aorta, through capillaries into veins and back to the heart. The circula@on in an amphibian consists of three areas, the right atrium, ventricle, and the leA atrium. The blood is pumped into the heart through the veins and then taken to the pulmonary capillaries, then switched back to the aorta and through capillaries then back to the heart by veins. The circulatory system in a mammal and a bird consists of 4 components, the right atrium, right ventricle, leA atrium, and the leA ventricle. Blood enter on the right side of the heart in a vein and then is carried to the lungs, which is then released into the artery which carries it around the body. Then the oxygen passes a capillary system which changes the blood and gets carried back to the heart by the veins.
4. The mechanism of a heartbeat consists of the SA node sending out a signal and the top muscles contract to send the blood into the ventricles and then the boGom muscles contract to push the blood throughout the body and then the heart relaxes and con@nues this mo@on. This creates one heartbeat and sends blood throughout the body. 5. Pulmonary circuit: Circulatory pathway between the lungs and the heart
Systemic circuit: Circulatory pathway of blood flow between the @ssues and the heart
Portal system: Pathway of blood flow that begins and ends in capillaries, such as the portal system located between the small intes@ne and liver.
6. Red blood cells are manufactured in red bone marrow of skull, the ribs, the vertebrae, and the ends of the long bones and they carry around oxygen and other material around in the blood stream. AAer 120 days they are destroyed in the liver and spleen by being engulfed by large phagocy@c cells. The red blood cells carry oxygen and other material throughout the body for different cells. 7. White blood cells are larger and have a nucleus and they do not carry hemoglobin. Neutrophils are amoeboid, squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the @ssue fluid, where they phagocy@ze foreign material. Monocytes appear and are transformed into macrophages, which are large phagocy@zing cells that release white blood cell growth factors. Lymphocytes aGack infected cells that contain viruses, they also produce an@bodies. 8. Platelets clump at site of puncture and par@ally seal the leak. Then the platelets and the injured @ssues release a cloYng factor called prothrombin ac@vator that converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin severs two short amino acid chains, now these join end to end crea@ng long threads of fibrin. Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area and provide framework for clot. As soon as blood vessel repair is ini@ated plasmin destroys the fibrin network and restores fluidity of plasma. 9. Blood pressure and Osmo@c pressure.
Ch 35 Review the chapter ques@ons (all) on p 663
1. Aqua@c animals use gills to remove the oxygen from the surrounding water and transfer it to their blood through countercurrent exchange. In terrestrials, lungs are u@lised for the exchange of oxygen.
2. The oxygen-­‐rich water flows an@-­‐parallel to the oxygen-­‐poor blood which makes the blood always receiving oxygen from a high concentra@on then the blood at that moment.
3. It is beGer for the walls of earthworms to be moist because it u@lises external gas-­‐exchange surfaces. Insects don’t have a circulatory system related with air because the oxygen from the air is directly delivered to the cells.
4. Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi – Filters the air of debris, and warms and humidifies it.
Cilia – Carries debris from the trachea and bronchi into the throat
Vocal cords – Produce sound
EpigloYs – Closes off the gloYs when swallowing food
5. The lungs are expanded, which lowers the concentra@on of air within them. Air then flows into the lungs because of the decreased pressure of air.
6. Terrestrial animals use a @dal ven@la@on mechanism which conserves water at the cost of gas-­‐exchange efficiency, whereas birds use a one-­‐way ven@la@on mechanism which has greater gas-­‐exchange efficiency.
7. The concentra@on of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Internal respira@on is when oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide exits. External respira@on is when oxygen enters the @ssues and carbon dioxide enters the blood.
8. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to the hemoglobin in the blood vessels, which travel around the body. Carbonic anhydrase speeds up the breakdown of carbonic acid during external respira@on which dissociates into water and carbon dioxide.
9. Acute bronchi@s, pneumonia, tuberculosis – infec@on
Pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchi@s, emphysema, asthma – environmental factors
Reviewing the chapter; ques@ons #8 and 9 on p591.
8) All body systems contribute to homeostasis:
Diges@ve System digests food, providing nutrients that enter the blood to replace the nutrients that are being used by the body cells.
Respiratory system adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. And the levels given off/
absorbed can be increased to meet body needs.
Liver and Kidneys contribute greatly to homeostasis. Glucose enters the blood and can be removed by the liver and stored as glycogen. Glycogen can be later broken down to replace glucose used by body cells. The Pancreas secretes insulin regulates glucose storage. The Kidneys also affect pH level of blood.
Ul@mately all are controlled by nervous system. Brain controls regulatory centres that control func@on of other organs, and this maintains homeostasis.
9) Nega@ve feedback is called such because it helps maintain balance by aiming towards a central standard, as opposed to posi@ve feedback, which wishes to bring about a change.
Sensors: detect change in internal environment
Regulatory centre: brings about an effect to bring condi@ons back to normal. (sensor deac@vated)
Effectors: The elements that brings in those effects to bring condi@ons back to normal. (Muscles shivering, glands, etc.)
organs and organ systems Sheet ch 31.2
#1 What are the two tissue regions of the skin organ?
epidermis, stratified squamous epithelium and
dermis; region of dense fibrous connective tissue under epidermis
#2 organ systems and functions -see chart on blog
#3 What are the two main cavities of human body and what do they
contain?
smaller dorsal cavity containing brain and spinal cord; ventral cavity
contains major organs