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2012 An Outline of Roman History Founding of the city and geography Punic Wars (Hannibal of Carthage) Patrician Pax Romana Byzantium Roman Art Study Guide Roman Republic Plebian Roman Empire Christianity Fall of Rome Monarchy (753-509 B.C.) In the monarchy period, Latin and Etruscan kings reigned, beginning with Romulus and ending with Tarquinius Superbus (exact dates of rule unreliable). Major Sites: Rome Bath Hadrian’s Wall Nimes Istanbul (Constantinople) Verona Arles N. Africa Padua Segovia Merida Pompeii Republic (509-27 B.C.) The Republic lasted from the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus until the bestowing of the title of Augustus on Octavian, the grandnephew of Julius Caesar and victor over Mark Anthony in the civil War that ended the Republic. Some major figure were: Marcellus, b.268(?) B.C., d. 208 B.C., consul Marius, b. 157 B.C., d. 86 B.C., consul Sulla, b. 138 B.C., d. 79 B.C., consul and dictator Pompey, b. 106 B.C., d. 48 B.C., consul Julius Cesar, b. 100B.C., d. 44 B.C., consul and dictator Mark Anthony, b. 83 B.C., d. 30 B.C., consul Early Empire (27 B.C.-A.D. 96) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio-Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dynasty. Selected emperors and their dates of rule (with name of the most influential empresses in parentheses) are also listed in chronological order: Augustus (Livia), r. 27 B.C.-A.D. 14 Tiberius, r. 14-37 Caligula, r. 37-41 Claudius (Agrippina the Younger), r. 41-54 Nero, r. 54-68 Vespasian, r. 69-79 Titus, r. 79-81 Domitian, r. 81-96 High Empire (A.D. 96-192) The High Empire began with the rule of Nerva and the Spanish emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and ended with the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty. The emperors (and empresses) of the period were: Nerva, r. 96-98 Trajan (Plotina), r. 98-117 Hadrian (Sabina), r. 117-138 Antonius Pius (Faustina the Elder), r. 138-161 Marcus Aurelius (Faustina the Younger), r. 161-180 Lucius Verus, co emperor, r. 161-169 Commodus, r. 180-192 Late Empire (A.D. 192-337) The Late Empire began with the Severan dynasty and included the soldier emperors of the third century, the tetrarchs, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor. Selected emperors (and empresses) were: Septimius Severus (Julia Domna), r. 193-211 Caracalla (Plautilla), r. 211-217 Severus Alexander, r. 222-235 Trajan Decius, r. 249-251 Trebonianus Gallus, r. 251-253 Diocletian, r. 284-305 Constantine, r. 306-337 Major Works: Etruscan sarcophagus Hadrian’s Villa Apollo of Veii Head of a Roman Temple of Fortuna Virilus Mason Caree Ara Pacis Augustus of Primaporta Flavian Amphitheater the Forum Trajan’s Column The Pantheon Basilica of Old St. Peter’s Villa of Mysteries Arch of Titus Constantine Vocabulary Amphitheater Greek, “double theater.” A Roman building type resembling two Greek theaters put together. The Roman amphitheater featured a continuous elliptical cavea around a central arena. Arcade A series of arches supported by piers or columns. Atrium The court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica. Basilica In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. Caldarium The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment. Cista An Etruscan cylindrical container made of sheet bronze with cast handles and feet, often with elaborately engraved bodies, used for women’s toilet articles. Capitolium An ancient Roman temple dedicated to the gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Cavea Latin, “hollow place or cavity.” The seating area in ancient Greek and Roman theaters and amphitheaters. Coffer A sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling. Encaustic while hot. A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface Forum The public square of an ancient Roman city. Impluvium In a Roman house, the basin located in the atrium that collected rainwater. Necropolis Greek, “city of the dead”; a large burial area or cemetery Oculus Latin, “eye.” The round central opening of a dome. Terracotta painted. Patricians Plebeian Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or Roman freeborn landowners. The Roman social class that included small farmers, merchants, and freed slaves. Pontifex Maximus Latin, “chief priest.” The high priest of the Roman state religion, often the emperor himself. Senate Latin, “council of elders.” The legislative body in Roman constitutional government. Triumphal arch In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road. Tuscan The standard type of Etruscan column. Resembles ancient Greek Doric Column columns, but is made of wood, is unfluted, and has a base. Veristic True to natural appearance. Roman Wall Painting Mural Styles First Style The earliest style of Roman mural painting. Also called the Masonry Style, because the aim of the artist was to imitate, using painted stucco relief, the appearance of costly marble panels. Second Style The style of Roman mural painting in which the aim was to dissolve the confining walls of a room and replace them with the illusion of a three-dimensional world constructed in the artist’s imagination. Third Style The style of Roman mural painting in which delicate linear fantasies were sketched on predominantly monochromatic backgrounds. Fourth Style The style of Roman mural painting which marks a return to architectural illusionism, but the architectural vistas of the Fourth Style are irrational fantasies.