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!" #! !$! & " ! !" " ! "! % %' ( ) ) ) )*) " $!% ' "! ! % +! ,' ! ! &, * * !# !% % $% Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. - ! !" ( .' ! " 0 %# *! ," ( ! " ,' "! "! % ) # "! % % !" #! ! / % " ' %# !$" ! !" 1 * 2- 1 1 * 2- 1 #! ," 3! !" ! % " ! ! '" !" ! % " ! % $! " '+, "! % ! $!% " 3! " 4 + ! ! ,( +! ,' #' * ! % ' !" ! % ! ' Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1C: 2H: 1O General formula: (CH2O)n Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life If n is between three and seven the compound is called a simple sugar or monosaccharide. Ex. C6H12O6 %! ! % ' +, $! $!% ' , " #! "! ! , %" + !!' " ' 4!" ! ! ' ' ' 3! ' ! $! " % ! ' % ! ! ' ' ! + % " 0 % 4! & " # !$ 5 1 ,' ! , +, " ! 4 1 1- ( $! " ! !$' $!" "! ! 6 ' ' ! #! , +! ,' ' "! % ' ,! & " # !$ #! , " ' ! ! " , ! "! % 5 1 - 1 1 2 66666 +! ' + 4 , +! ' - ! " ,7 + !0 ) ,' ! , #! , ( '' 4 ' ' ! # ' , ' ! 1 * " , !% !$ 2 1 ,$! ! ( " % % - %##! !" #! # . . %! / / 1 - 2 1 ( 1 %$ % ' +, % '% 89 # ! ,( # !! , 8 : ;8 9 8 Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Make Up: Fats Oils Waxes * * " ,$% - 0 %# !" * ! ! ! ! , % % " " ! .4 & ! # + 4 / * 1 , ' 1 ( , ' ,' ! !" ! '!%+ +! ' +! ' ' % ')% !$ '! " % +! +! $ #' ' ! #! ,% !" +! ' ' ! !" +, % $ ' ' 1 1 * Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Saturated fats have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms. '!%+ +! ' + 4 #' +! ! !" 4 "! '#! ,% ! % '!%+ +! ' '$ -* 1 !$ * ( " "+ ( % % ' $% ! ! ! 5 , " $" ( '! " #! 6 # 4 ! ' ! 4 * !) #! + $! $! " !' %' ! "! ! !$ " #! ' ! ! Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Protein A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Amino acids have a central carbon atom. One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen. The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R). " ! ' # # ' +! ' * ! +! ' ' ! ! '#! ,# # ' +, *1 ( - 0 %# " ! ' "! $% ! % % " + 4 ! ! !4 ' # <," .+ ! ! , / =2- <," ( + !! - ' !$# ! , Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Enzymes Catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. " # , " %! ' '$! ! " " %" " !% !$ !$! " # !'% Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy. The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy. The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. '! ! '! ! !4 " % % ' %# # !'% ! " ' !4 '! <," 4! 06 Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Substrates: Reactants that bind to the enzyme Active site: Specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex, which helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form. Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity. & " " " - ' %# !$ " %+% ' % % ! ' ! !$ +! ) ! # ! # ! % ) ' ,' ! !" ! ' )!&, ) ( ! 4! ,# 1 ' " !$ % $! " '( ! Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material DNA Structure Nucleotides Consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base