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Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Cells and Energy Study Guide A Answer Key SECTION 1. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP SECTION 4. OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. molecule; food molecules high-energy; lower-energy phosphate group a; d; b; c b; e c; d a; f chemical energy; light energy three; two chemical; molecules energy; oxygen oxygen mitochondria glucose; ATP b; c a; c Equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 6O 2 and C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 and 6H 2 O d Refer to Figure 4.2 for a visual answer. The four steps are: d, b, a, c 12. sugar 13. oxygen 14. break down SECTION 2. OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. chemical energy light energy; chemical energy visible light photosynthesis stroma; grana grana Equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 and 6H 2 O 6O 2 and C 6 H 12 O 6 b require light; energy do not require light; sugars Refer to Figure 2.2 for a visual answer. The four steps are: d, a, b, c 14. energy; sugars 15. green 16. independent SECTION 5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN DETAIL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. SECTION 6. FERMENTATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ATP electrons hard exercise oxygen two For a visual answer, refer to the lactic acid fermentation diagram in Section 6. The order of the four steps is: d, b, c, a 7. For a visual answer, refer to the alcoholic fermentation diagram in Section 6. The order of the four steps is: c, a, d, b SECTION 3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN DETAIL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. glucose Pyruvate and NADH; ATP two; four c c, b, a, d, e inner electrons; hydrogen ions c, d, b, a electrons capture; transfer molecules ATP; NADPH b, g, d, f, c, e, a carbon dioxide 1 b; 2 d; A a; 3 e; 4 c proteins synthesizes with no beginning or end. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A i Cells and Energy Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Section 4: Overview of Cellular Respiration Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen. VOCABULARY cellular respiration anaerobic aerobic Krebs cycle glycolysis MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. Cellular respiration is a process that releases glucose / energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen / carbon dioxide is present. 2. Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process, because it needs oxygen / carbon dioxide to take place. 3. Cellular respiration takes place in the chloroplasts / mitochondria. 4. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose / protein is split into two threecarbon molecules and two ADP / ATP are formed. MAIN IDEA: Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars. 5. Circle the two ways in which cellular respiration seems to be the opposite of photosynthesis. a. The reactions occur at either end of the chloroplast. b. The overall chemical equations are the reverse of each other. c. Cellular respiration breaks down sugars to make ATP, and photosynthesis uses ATP to make sugars. d. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, and photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide. 6. Circle the two parts of a mitochondrion where cellular respiration takes place. a. matrix b stroma c. inner mitochondrial membrane d. outer mitochondrial membrane © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 10 Cells and Energy Section 4: Overview of Cellular Respiration Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Study Guide A continued 7. The overall process of cellular respiration can be written as a chemical equation. Fill in the blanks in the equation below using the appropriate compound from the box. 6CO 2 6O 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 __________ + __________ ________ + ________ 8. The two reactants in the cellular respiration equation are ________ and _________. 9. The two products in the cellular respiration equation are ________ and _________. 10. Why is the cellular respiration equation written with several arrows? a. Because a series of products result from the reaction. b. Because a series of reactants enter into the reaction. c. Because a series of chemicals is added to the process. d. Because a series of chemical reactions occurs. 11. Use the space below to sketch a mitochondrion. Label the matrix and inner membrane. Indicate where each of the following steps of the cellular respiration process occurs. a. Energized electrons are passed along the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. b. Energy is transferred to the second stage of cellular respiration (the electron transport chain). c. A large number of ATP are formed. Oxygen picks up electrons, and water is released as a waste product. d. Three-carbon molecules enter the Krebs cycle and are broken down. ATP and other energy-carrying molecules are formed. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. Cellular Respiration © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 11 Cells and Energy Section 4: Overview of Cellular Respiration Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Study Guide A continued Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 12. The prefix glyco- comes from a Greek word that means “sweet.” The suffix -lysis comes from a Greek word that means “to loosen.” Therefore, during glycolysis, a _________ is broken down (or “loosened”). 13. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, because it takes place without __________________. 14. During the Krebs cycle, chemical reactions _____________________ carbonbased molecules. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 12 Cells and Energy Section 4: Overview of Cellular Respiration Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Section 5: Cellular Respiration in Detail Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Cellular respiration is an aerobic process with two main stages. MAIN IDEA: Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration. 1. The function of glycolysis is to split _______________ and produce energycarrying molecules. 2. Three molecules are formed during glycolysis when oxygen is available. ____________ and _________ are used in cellular respiration. ____________ can be used for cell processes. 3. Glycolysis results in a “net gain of two ATP molecules.” This means that _______ ATP are used to split glucose and _________ ATP are produced. Therefore, in the end, there are two additional ATP. MAIN IDEA: The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration. 4. What is the function of the Krebs cycle? a. To produce carbon-based molecules by cellular respiration. b. To produce carbon-based molecules by glycolysis. c. To produce energy-carriers from the breakdown of carbon-based molecules. d. To produce energy-carriers from the synthesis of carbon-based molecules. 5. Put the letter from each of the following statements into the appropriate box of the cycle diagram below to summarize the six steps of the Krebs cycle. a. Citric acid broken down, carbon dioxide released, NADH produced. b. Citric acid formed. c. Coenzyme A binds to two-carbon molecule; enters Krebs cycle. d. Five-carbon molecule broken down, carbon dioxide released, NADH and ATP produced. e. Four-carbon molecule rearranged, NADH and FADH 2 produced. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 13 Cells and Energy Section 5: Cellular Respiration in Detail Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Study Guide A continued Pyruvate broken down MAIN IDEA: The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 6. The electron transport chain in cellular respiration is located on the inner / outer mitochondrial membrane. 7. The electron transport chain uses energy from electrons / protons to pump oxygen ions / hydrogen ions across the membrane, so that the ions can flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 14 Cells and Energy Section 5: Cellular Respiration in Detail Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Study Guide A continued 8. Use the statements below to fill in the sequence showing the four steps of the electron transport chain. a. Oxygen picks up electrons from the transport chain and hydrogen ions; water is produced and released. b. Hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase; ATP is produced. c. High-energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH 2 by proteins in the transport chain. d. Energy from the electrons used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 9. Cellular respiration can only operate when oxygen is available to pick up ____________ at the end of the electron transport chain. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 15 Cells and Energy Section 5: Cellular Respiration in Detail Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Section 6: Fermentation Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. VOCABULARY fermentation lactic acid MAIN IDEA: Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue. 1. Fermentation is important, because it allows glycolysis to continue making _________ when oxygen is unavailable for cellular respiration. 2. Fermentation removes ____________ from NADH and recycles NAD+ to glycolysis. 3. Fermentation takes place in your muscle cells during _____________________________, when not enough oxygen is available. 4. Fermentation is an anaerobic process, because it occurs without _______________. 5. Fermentation is involved in the production of ATP by allowing glycolysis to take place. Glycolysis yields _______________ net ATP. 6. In the space below, draw the process of lactic acid fermentation and label it with the statements listed. a. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis. b. NADH is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. c. NADH is changed into NAD+. d. Pyruvate and glycolysis enter fermentation. Lactic Acid Fermentation © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 16 Cells and Energy Section 6: Fermentation Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Fermentation and its products are important in several ways. 7. In the space below, draw the process of alcoholic fermentation and label it with the statements listed. a. NADH is used to convert pyruvate into alcohol and carbon dioxide. b. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis. c. Pyruvate and glycolysis enter fermentation. d. NADH is changed into NAD+ . Alcoholic Fermentation 8. Place a check mark in the appropriate boxes below to show how lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are similar and how they are different. Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Both Uses pyruvate and NADH Recycles NAD+ to glycolysis Produces lactic acid Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 17 Cells and Energy Section 6: Fermentation Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________ Study Guide A continued 9. Name one commercial use of lactic acid fermentation. ________________ 10. Name one commercial use of alcoholic fermentation. ________________ Vocabulary Check Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 11. The term fermentation is based on a word that means “to bubble.” This meaning is related to the fermentation process, because bubbles of carbon dioxide / oxygen are produced during alcoholic fermentation. 12. Lactic acid is the three-carbon reactant / waste product of lactic acid fermentation. It causes a burning feeling in your muscles / blood vessels during exercise © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 18 Cells and Energy Section 6: Fermentation