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Important Organic
Compounds
Biological Molecules
The most important biological compounds are polymers
Polymers (poly = many)
many
 The polymers are: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (fats),
and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA).
 A polymer is made up of a chain of many
monomers linked together
moNomers
(mono = one)
Monomers are: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and
nucleotides.
These are made or broken down over and over in living
cells.
macromolecules
Large polymers are also called _______________
MONOMER
(building block)
POLYMER
(Biological organic
molecule)
Monosaccharide
(glucose)
Glycerol and fatty acid
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Carbohydrate
Lipid (fat)
Protein
Nucleic acid
• MONOMER
H-
- OH
• POLYMER
H-
-
-
-
-
- OH
Process to build polymers
• Dehydration synthesis = covalently bonding
monomers together by removing water
• Called condensation synthesis in text
____________
MONOMERS are
joined together
during dehydration
synthesis.
Chains of monomers
POLYMERS
are called _________
Dehydration Synthesis of
carbohydrates
To break apart polymers
• Hydrolysis: Add H2O
H-
-
-
4H-
-
- OH + 3H20
- OH
• 1 H2O will be consumed for every 1 covalent
bond to be broken
H 2O &
Energy
Polymers
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Lipids (fats)
d) DNA/RNA (nucleic acids)
These reactions require:
Dehydration
Synthesis
1. ATP energy
2. Water
Hydrolysis
3. Enzymes
Monomers
a) Simple sugars
b) Amino Acids
c) Fatty Acids & Glycerol
d) Nucleotides
H2O &
Energy
Organic molecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
1. Nucleic Acids
**always contains C & H &
covalent bonds
• C may share electrons with
other C
1. Carbohydrates
Where does the name come from?
Hydrated Carbons: (CH20)n
Carbohydrates have the empirical formula of (CH20)n where
n = the # of times the chain is repeated.
The carbons, hydrogens and oxygens are found in the ratio
of 1:2:1 and are made up of a repeating chain of sugars.
(CH20)3 = C3H603
(CH20)6 = C6H1206
Sugars are also known as saccarides.
saccarides
Carbohydrates usually end in ‘ose’.
ose
Can you think of any examples?
The basic sugar molecule is GLUCOSE:
GLUCOSE C6 H12 O6.
Glucose has a ring structure.
Other monosaccharides include fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
Three ways to represent the structure of glucose.
Actual (molecular)
formula for glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Glucose
When two sugars bind together via DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS
Examples:
– glucose + glucose = maltose + water
– glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar) + water
– glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar) + water
C12H22011
Complex Carbohydrates = Polysaccharides
– Polymer of identical monosaccharides (typically
glucose)
i.
Starch
ii. Glycogen
i.
Cellulose
i) Starch
• Storage form of glucose in plants (long glucose chains)
• Few or no side chains
•
ii) Glycogen
• Animals store their energy (extra glucose)
as glycogen in the liver and muscles
• Long chains of glucose with many side
chains
iii) Cellulose
• Cell walls of plants are made of cellulose
• Long chains of glucose with no side chains and
have alternating position of linking oxygen
atoms
• No mammals can break this bond (indigestible)
and serves as fibre
Complete carbohydrate review
Source
Monomer
Polymer
Animal
Plant
.
Characteristic
CH2O (cont`d)
• Functions:
• Energy for cells
• Energy storage (starch, glycogen)
• Cell recognition role = glycoprotein or
glycolipid
• Basis for A, B, and O blood groups
2. Lipids
2. Lipids
•
Characteristics:
– made up of C, H, O (sometimes P or N)
– large, insoluble in water
•
Ex. Water in oil
– 2 monomers:
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acids (long hydrocarbon chains)
Lipid Building Blocks
Synthesis and degradation of a fat molecule
3 types of Lipids
A. Triglycerides
• aka neutral fats (nonpolar) or “fats and oils”
• 2 Types:
a) Fats = animal based & solid (e.g. butter, lard)
• 3 Functions:
1. Long term energy source
2. Cushions organs
3. Insulation
b)Oil = plant based & liquid (e.g. olive, corn, etc)
• Main energy source for plants
Triglycerides
(cont’d)
Structure:
– “E” shaped molecule made of one glycerol and 3
fatty acids (synthesized by dehydration of 3 H2O
molecules)
Triglycerides (cont’d)
Structure (cont’d):
• Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains with
COOH end
– 3 main types of fatty acid
1. Saturated – no C =C which means it is “full” of H, fairly
straight, solid at room temp., “fat” (from animals)
2. Unsaturated – at least one C=C bond, structurally
bent, liquid at room temp., “oil” (from plants)
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Triglyceride
Triglycerides (cont’d)
Structure (cont’d):
• Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains with
COOH end (usually 16-18 carbons)
– 3 main types of fatty acid
1. Saturated – no C=C which means it is “full” of H, fairly
straight, solid @ room temp., “fat”
2. Unsaturated – at least one C=C bond, structurally
bent, liquid at room temp., “oil”
3. Polyunsaturated – many C=C bonds so few H’s (e.g
veggie oils)
Triglycerides
Important - hydrogenation adds H’s
(margarine or shortening) but forms trans
fats 
B. Phospholipids
• Comprised of 1
gylcerol,
gylcerol 1 phosphate
group & 2 fatty acids
• think of a triglyceride
except one fatty acid has
been replace by a
phosphate group)
• Primary components
of cellular membranes
• Phosphate group
• Glycerol
2 Fatty Acids
Hydrophilic
(polar) head
Hydrophobic
(nonpolar) tail
Phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
• when placed in H2O,
phospholipids form 2
layers
– the polar heads
(hydrophilic) face out and
the non-polar tails
(hydrophobic) face in
The Cell Membrane
C. STEROIDS (lipids)
Structure:
•4 fused rings of carbon with “stuff” attached (called functional
groups)
•E.g. Testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol and vitamin D
STEROIDS (lipids)
Structure (cont`d):
•Non-polar so can easily
pass through cell
membranes
•Are water insoluble (it is a
lipid)
STEROIDS (lipids)
Function:
•used as sex hormone (e.g. estrogen & testosterone)
Emulsification
•Needed to mix fats/oils into water
•e.g. soap and bile (produced by gallbladder)
Review of Carbs & Lipids Quiz
1. Review sheet #s 1-7
2. Inquiry Into Life (12th ed.) online quiz