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Download Muscular system 2 - MIDDLE SCHOOL PE
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The muscular system Every human body has 650 muscles 187 joints Anterior view Pectorals Deltoid Biceps Abdominals Quadriceps Gastrocnemius Anterior Tibialis Posterior view Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Gluteus maximus Trapezius Triceps Hamstrings Gastrocnemius Achilles Tendon JOINTS A joint Is the junction between 2 or more bones It includes the ligaments and cartilages LIGAMENTS - Attaches bone to bone - Helps support a joint and hold bones together CARTILAGE - Coats the ends of the bones - Provides a smooth surface that reduces friction between moving bones TENDONS - Attaches muscle to bone Types of joints Fibrous joints - Immovable joints that are fixed together by fibrous tissue, eg - skull Cartilaginous Joints - Sightly movable joints where bones are firmly united by cartilage, eg - between the ribs and the sternum, also the intervertebral joints Synovial Joints - Freely or movable joints and these are the most common joints in the body Synovial joints Sliding / gliding joint - One bone slides across another bone Eg, joints between the carpal & tarsal bones Hinge Joint - Allows only back and forth movement such as bending and straightening Eg, Knee & elbow Pivot joint - Allows only rotation Eg, Top of the spine Synovial joints Saddle joint - Allows side to side & back and forth movement Eg, thumb joint - crossing over the palm Condyloid Joint - Allows back and forth, side to side and some rotation. Eg, Wrist Ball and socket joint - Allows movement in all directions. Eg, Shoulder and hip Muscle Movements Flexion Is bending, which decreases the angle between 2 bones Extension Is straightening, which increases the angle between 2 bones Muscle Movements Abduction Is the movement of the bone away from the Midline of the body Adduction Is the movement of the bone towards the Midline of the body Muscle Movements Supination Is the movement of the forearm so that your Palm faces upwards Pronation Is the movement of the forearm so that your Palm faces downwards Muscle Movements Rotation Is the movement of a bone around a central Axis Muscle Movements Eversion Inversion Is the movement of the sole of the foot Outward at the ankle Is the movement of the sole of the foot Inward at the ankle Muscle Movements Plantar flexion The pointing of the toe DorsiFlexion Raising the toes upwards Muscle types There are 3 Smooth They make up the walls of the internal organs such as the stomach and blood vessels Muscle types Cardiac Is your heart muscle Muscle types Skeletal These are the muscles that are attached to your bones and make movement possible Involuntary muscles Both smooth and cardiac muscles are classified as Involuntary Muscles because you cannot consciously control their movement. Skeletal muscles are called voluntary muscles because you can control them. Muscle contractions A isotonic contraction is a muscle contraction that pulls on the bones and produces movement of body parts. There are 2 types of isotonic contraptions. 1. Concentric eg the shortening of the muscle 2. Eccentric eg the lengthening of the muscle An isometric contraction occurs when muscles contract and pull with equal force in opposite directions, so movement cannot occur. Muscle contractions Muscle fibres Muscle fibres are long, cylindrical muscle cells. Skeletal muscles such as those in the arms and the legs are made up of many muscle fibres. The strength and endurance of skeletal muscles depends on whether the muscles are made up of slow, fast or intermediate fibres and how much exercise they get. Slow twitch fibres - Contract at a slow rate - Generate less force - Able to resist fatigue - Good endurance eg running over long distances Fast twitch fibres - Contract quickly - Generate more force - Important for strength activities Intermediate muscle fibres - Have both slow and fast twitch fibres - Contract quickly and have good endurance These fibres in your body are determined by your genes, however you can increase them with proper training. Medial Collateral ligament Lateral Collateral Lateral Collateral ligament ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Back Back Back Back Back Back Back Back Back Back Back Back
