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48 LIFESTYLE
WEDNESDAY,
MARCH
26, 2014 ‒ 27
TUESDAY,
MARCH 4, 2014
HERALDSUN.COM.AU
the
learn poster
NIE
LEARNING POSTER
More than 200
bones form our
body’s coathanger
The human body is an amazing, complex
thing and to understand it we have to learn
how its parts are put together and how they
function.
Study of the body’s structure is known
as anatomy while the study of the body’s
function is known as physiology.
Anatomists find it useful to divide the
human body into eight systems: the
skeleton, the muscles, the circulatory and
respiratory systems, the digestive system,
the urinary system, the glandular system,
the nervous system, and the skin.
Despite the fact we are all different and
come in all shapes and sizes, we are all
strikingly similar beneath our skin.
Most of us have the same number of
bones and muscles and our frame is the
scaffolding that supports our body.
The combination of our muscles and
skeleton, the musculo-skeletal system,
is the main driver of our body. It works in
conjunction with the heart (the body’s
engine) and the brain (our control centre).
DID YoU KnoW?
body
Humerus
300
n Babies are born with about
ber
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od,
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our
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206
to
s
reduce
to form stronger structures.
look dry,
n While skeletons in the lab
tle but
brit
our bones are not dry and
ing out
dry
y
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er;
are 20 per cent wat
y.
bod
the
from
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ove
when rem
n Everybody has 12 pairs of ribs
born with
however one in 20 people is
at least one extra rib.
body at
n The bones of the leg join the
is.
the pelv
the body
n The bones of the arm join
the back
at
e
bon
flat
the
a,
pul
at the sca
of the shoulder.
atlas
radius
Humerus
radius
pivot joint
Turn your head side to side; that's
an example of a pivot joint. An
extension or projection from one
bone revolves inside another ringshaped bone. Pivot joints move
along only one plane.
trochlea
scaphoid
ellipsoidal joint
This type of joint is like the
ball-and-socket joint, except
movement is more limited.
Ball-and-socket joints can
move in three planes, but the
ellipsoidal can move only in
two planes, at right-angles to
each other. The wrist
(radiocarpal) joint is an
example.
scapula
ribs
Vertebral
column
Humerus
Ilium
sacrum
Ulna
Carpals
Ball-and-socket joint
The shoulders and hips have
ball-and-socket joints. Like its
namesake, a bone with a circular
end fits into a bone with a scoopor
cup in it. It is the most flexible of
joints, as witnessed when people
star-jump or squat. These joints
move in three planes.
Metacarpals
phalanges
Femur
tarsals
patella
trapezium
of wrist
Condyles
Metatarsals
First
metacarpal
bone of thumb
tibia
Gliding joint
This is where one bone slides over another.
This kind of joint is found in the foot and the
wrist. Joint surfaces are almost flat.
Fibula
saddle joint
Saddle joints are limited to the
base of our thumbs. They have concave and
convex ends, allowing the joint to rotate, move left
to right, and back and forth to limited degrees.
Medial
malleolus
lateral
talus
Cuneiform
Bones
tarsals
navicular
Metatarsals
phalanges
cartilage. It provides support and
protection for the soft tissues and
the organs of the body.
It also provides points of
attachment for the muscles that
move the body.
Our 206 adult bones have various
shapes-long, short, cube-shaped,
flat, and irregular.
Long bones, like the femur, have a
long cylindrical shaft with two ends
of spongy bone. Many long bones
have an interior space filled with
bone marrow, where blood cells
are made.
Our human skeleton has two
main structures; the appendicular
skeleton and the axial one.
The appendicular skeleton is
comprised of the bones in our arms
and legs while the axial variety is the
skull, backbone, ribs and sternum.
The spine, with its 33 bones called
vertebrae which are cushioned
by robust cartilage — is one of the
most important components of the
Calcaneus
human skeleton. A joint is where
bones are joined together.
The connection between them
can be so tight that no movement
is possible, as with the skull. Other
kinds of joints allow movement:
either back and forth in one plane —
as with the hinge joint of the elbow
— or pivoting around a single axis —
as with the pivot joint that permits
the head to rotate.
A wide range of movement is
possible when the ball-shaped end
Compiled
by12-part
Jane series,
Howard.
Download previousactivity
pages from:www.mercurynie.com.au
Britannica.com
Kids.britannica.com
 The Human
Body,
published by the Herald & Weekly Times
WeBsItes soUrCes
V1 - MERE01Z01MA
axis
epicondyles
Draw your own skeleton.
Highlight five bones and research
five facts about each bone.
Write a short story about your
body’s coathanger — your
skeleton — mention all the
things it does to
support your life.
It’s the body’s coathanger, the
collection of human bones that fit
neatly together to provide a frame
for our muscles, organs and our
personality.
Humans have endoskeletons,
ones located inside our bodies,
while animals like molluscs,
centipedes and millipedes have
exoskeletons on the body’s exterior.
Our skeleton is comprised of
bones, joints between bones, and
Coracoid
process
Hinge joint
Hinge joints occur where a concaveended bone meets a convex-ended
bone. The elbows are examples. Lie your
arm flat, then raise your fingers towards
your face to see how this joint works.
tHInGs to Do
HUMan sKeleton
Clavicle
sternum
Ulna
of one bone fits into a socket at the
end of another bone, as we see with
shoulder and hip joints.
To make movement easier, bone
endings are coated with a layer of
cartilage and there’s fluid lubricating
the space between them. Joints
are held together by bands of
connective tissue called ligaments.
Cartilage is more flexible than
bone, providing a cushioning layer
where bones meet. It also connects
ribs to the breastbone.
 Compiled by Jane Howard
MHSE01Z01MA - V1