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The Environment HabitatEcology and Niche By KAPMAN LIFE SCIENCE ACADEMY Call us at +91-97296-37935 For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 1 Ecology Scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Environment comprises of physical and chemical components as well as the biological or living components of an organism’s surroundings, that is, Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors: Living factors in an organism’s environment such as plants, animals, microbes. Abiotic factors: The non-living factors such as air, water, precipitation. For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 2 Abiotic Factors For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 3 Atmosphere 1. 2. 3. 4. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere/Ion osphere 5. Exosphere For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 4 Light For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 5 Water For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 6 Temperature 7 Rocks and Soil For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 8 Ecological Levels of Organization Organism: An individual Population: Individual organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time Community: A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 9 Ecosystem: A biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it Biome: A large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities Biosphere: All biomes together make the Biosphere ; The Earth For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 10 For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 11 Climate • Long term pattern of weather in a locality, region, or even over the entire globe. • Weather: is the short term properties (temperature, pressure, moisture) of atmospheric conditions for a specific place and time. • Climatic zone are Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate and Arctic and Antarctic • Microclimate: represents the climatic conditions that prevail at a local scale, or in areas of limited size, such as the immediate surroundings of plants and animals. • For example, in a forest, dense foliage reduces the amount of light reaching the ground. This also results in a changed air temperature profile in a forest For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 12 Thermoregulation and Homeostasis • Homoiothermic or endothermic animals (warm blooded) • Poikilothermic or ectothermic animals (Cold-blooded) For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 13 Ecological Rule Allens rule: Warm blooded animals tend to have shorter extremities (ears, tails) in colder climates than they have in warmer climates Bergmann's rule: Larger body size in animals living in colder climates than those of the same group living in warmer climates For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 14 Ecological Rule Glogers rule: Warm blooded animals tend to have more pigmentations in warm, humid areas than in cool, dry area For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 15 Tolerance range • Environmental conditions exist as gradients. Changes in the performance of an organism along such a trend are called environmental gradient • There are upper and lower threshold values on the gradient beyond which the species cannot survive known as upper limit of tolerance and lower limit of tolerance • The whole range over which a species is able to survive is known as range of tolerance • Steno: Narrow tolerance • Eury: Wide tolerance For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 16 For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 17 Ecological amplitude • Different species differ from each other in terms of their demands from their environment and consequently also in respect to the extent to which they can tolerate the fluctuations in their environmental conditions. • This range of demands and consequent range of tolerance of a species is known as its ecological amplitude. For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 18 Ecological Species Concept • Ecotype: An ecotype is a population of individuals of a species which are genetically different. Different ecotypes of a particular species may differ in their edaphic, biotic or microclimate requirements. In ecotypes, adaptations become irreversible or genetically fixed • Ecotypes are genetically adapted local populations • Ecospecies: is a unit of classifications which contains one or more ecotypes. • Ecospecies although interfertile but do not cross or at least do not produce viable offspring, if crossed with ecotypes of other species. For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 19 Ecological Species Concept Ecads: Also known as ecophenes. • An ecad of a plant species is a population of individuals which although belong to the same genetic stock (genetically similar) but differ in vegetative characters such as size, shape, number of leaves, stem etc. • They are genetically same but differ morphologically. • Variations are environmentally induced and thus are temporary or reversible, one type of ecad may change into another with a change in its habitat. • Ecads show phenotypic plasticity, i.e., environmentally induced phenotypic variation For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 20 • Ecological equivalents: Organisms that occupy the same or similar ecological niches in different geographical regions. • Species that occupy same equivalent niches and occur in widely separated regions are generally taxonomically much different. Ecological equivalents result from convergent evolution. • For instance, sharks (fish) and dolphins (mammals) live in a marine habitat and superficially resemble each other. For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 21 Concept of Habitat and Niche Habitat is a place, niche a pattern of living • The niche an organism occupies is the sum total of all the ways it utilizes the resources of its environment. • A niche may be described in terms of space utilization, food consumption, temperature range, appropriate conditions for mating, requirements for moisture, and other factors • Each habitat provides many different niches. • The ecological niche is defined by first, the functional role of the species in its community (trophic position) and second, by its environmental gradients • Niche is defined by n variables: Multidimensional hypervolume For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 22 Fundamental and Realized Niche Fundamental niche is the maximum theoretically inhabited hypervolume where a species can live,outer limits of its tolerance. Realized niche is a smaller hypervolume which is occupied by the species under interference from the competition of other species. For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 23 Gause and the Principle of Competitive Exclusion For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 24 Niche Overlap For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 25 Competitive Exclusion Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion can be restated to say that no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely when resources are limiting. Certainly species can and do coexist while competing for some of the same resources. Nevertheless, Gause’s theory predicts that when two species coexist on a long-term basis, either resources must not be limited or their niches will always differ in one or more features; otherwise, one species will outcompete the other and the extinction of the second species will inevitably result, a process referred to as competitive exclusion For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 26 Resource partitioning For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 27 • Resource partitioning is often seen in similar species that occupy the same geographical area. • Such sympatric species often avoid competition by living in different portions of the habitat or by utilizing different food or other resources. • This is also the example of Divergent Evolotion • E.g. Darwin's Finches ,Warbler For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 28 Find the Presentation, Video and Questions www.kapmacademy.co.in Regular Batch videos Unit 10 Ecology Academic Group’s Helpdesk Number +91-97296-37935 Email us at [email protected] [email protected] For more study Material visit us at www.kapmanacademy.co.in 29