Download Psychological Disorders

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

Autism spectrum wikipedia , lookup

Mental status examination wikipedia , lookup

Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup

Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup

Schizoaffective disorder wikipedia , lookup

Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup

Mental disorder wikipedia , lookup

Pyotr Gannushkin wikipedia , lookup

Separation anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup

Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup

Generalized anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup

Narcissistic personality disorder wikipedia , lookup

Spectrum disorder wikipedia , lookup

History of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup

Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup

Causes of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup

Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup

Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup

Classification of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup

History of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
Psychological Disorders:
More Than Everyday Problems
This multimedia product and its contents are
protected under copyright law. The following are
prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including
transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including
extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Today’s class



What is Abnormal?
Diagnostic system: DSM IV
Types of Disorders





Dissociative
Anxiety
Schizophrenia
Mood
Personality
Work on projects, review exam
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Psychological Disorder

The presence of a constellation of symptoms
that create significant distress; impair work,
school, family, relationships, or daily living; or
lead to significant risk or harm
Symptoms



Cognitive
Emotional
Behavioral
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
How do we decide what is
abnormal

Class exercise
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Defining Abnormality




Distress
Impairment
Danger
Cultural and social influences
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Historical explanations of
abnormality




Ancient Greece – fluid imbalance
Middle ages – work of the devil
1800’s to present – Sigmund Freud
Present – Biopsychosocial model
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Explaining Abnormality

The Brain
Genes
 Neurotransmitters
 Brain Structure and Function
 Diathesis (of the Diathesis-Stress Model)

“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Explaining Abnormality

The Person
Classical and Operant Conditioning
 Cognitive Biases
 Emotions

“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Explaining Abnormality

The Group
Culture  Conception of Disorders
 Social labeling creates disorders?
 Social factors can lead to diagnostic bias

“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Causation
1. Predisposition
 In place before onset of disorder
• genetic characteristics, learned beliefs, sociocultural factors
2. Precipitating causes
 Immediate events that bring on the disorder
• Stress, Negative or positive life changes
3. Maintaining causes
 Effects of disorder that serve to perpetuate it
 depressed person may withdraw from social interactions
 Schizophrenics are reacted to strangely or violently, enhancing
their stress, which enhances the disorder
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Diagnosing Disorders


Use diagnostic interview
Performance on Psychological Tests



e.g., MMPI, Projective tests
Interviews with Family & Friends
Compare patient information to pre-established
psychological disorders


Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-IV)
DSM IV: Agreed-upon criteria for diagnosing
psychological disorders
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Diagnosis: The first step in
treatment




Someone
Someone
Someone
arm?
Someone
voices?
came in with a rash?
came in with a cough?
came in who couldn’t move an
came in who was hearing
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Labels and Abnormality

Rosenhan: “On being sane in insane
places”






8 pseudopatients claimed to hear voices
Admitted to psychiatric hospitals
Stopped reporting symptoms
Normal behaviors were interpreted as
pathological
Doctors rarely responded to questions
Many real patients were not fooled
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Categorizing Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)





Axis I: clinical disorders
Axis II: personality disorders and mental
retardation
Axis III: general medical conditions
Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V: global assessment of functioning
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Classification Systems & Labeling:
Advantages
Advantages:
•
•
grouping of similar symptoms may help
to identify underlying causes
facilitates communication
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Classification Systems & Labeling:
Disadvantages
 May seem dehumanizing for patients
 Better to apply diagnostic labels to the disorder
and NOT to the people themselves
 May lead clinicians to overlook unique
aspects of each case


Label becomes a lens through which we see
and evaluate a person’s behavior
Is a label the same as a diagnosis?
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mood Disorders

Persistent or episodic disturbances in emotion
that interfere with normal functioning in at least
one realm of life
Major depressive disorder





Affect
Behavior
Cognition
More common in women
Most common psychological disorder in the United
States
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mood Disorders

Dysthymia


Lifetime prevalence 6%
Suicide

Attempted by 30% of depressed people
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mood Disorders

Bipolar disorder

Mania
Hypomania
 Manic episode
 Prodromal phase




Often cycles with depression
Formerly called manic depression
Lifetime prevalence 1%
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Explaining Mood Disorders

The brain




The person




Hereditary factors
Frontal lobe
Amygdala
Beck’s negative triad
Learned helplessness
Attributional style
The group


Life stressors
Lack of social reinforcement
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders


Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder





Panic attacks
Agoraphobia
Locus coeruleus
Anxiety sensitivity
Lifetime prevalence 3%
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders

Phobias

Social phobia


Lifetime prevalence 13%
Specific phobia
Animal fears
 Blood-injection-injury fears
 Natural environment fears
 Situation fears
 Miscellaneous fears
 Lifetime prevalence 10%

“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)


Obsession
Compulsion
Checking
 Washing
 Ordering



Lifetime prevalence 2-3%
Caudate nucleus
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Anxiety Disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)



Traumatic event
Fear and helplessness
Symptoms
Re-experience event
 Avoidance and emotional numbing
 Heightened arousal



Lifetime prevalence 8% (among
Americans)
Genetic predisposition
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms




Delusions
Hallucinations
Disordered behavior
Disorganized speech

Negative symptoms



Flat affect
Alogia
Avolition
Lifetime prevalence 1%
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schizophrenia

Four subtypes




Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Explaining Schizophrenia

The brain





The person


Hereditary
Ventricle size
Stress-related hormones
The dopamine hypothesis
Emotional dampening
The group


High expressed emotion
Social selection and social causation
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Testing yourself

Name that disorder
“
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007