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Name ____________________________ Study Guide for Weather and Climate Unit ______________________ is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place. The ____________________________ is where our weather takes place. ___________________ is the average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time. Unequal Heating A. The source of all energy in our atmosphere that fuels Earth’s weather systems is the __________. B. _________________ – the heat energy that comes from the sun 1. Not all radiation reaches Earth’s surface. a. Some energy is absorbed by the atmosphere. b. Some energy is reflected back into ______________. c. ____________ energy is ________________ by the Earth’s surface. 2. ___________________ _________________– when the amount of energy received from the sun equals the amount of energy returned to space 3. There is _________________ heating of the surface of the Earth. a. The main reason for unequal heating is the Earth is _________________, so not all areas receive the same amount of radiation. The sun’s rays strike Earth most __________________ at the ________________, but at an angle as you go north or south. Therefore the equator is ________________ than the poles. b. Another reason for unequal heating is that land heats and cools _____________ than water because land absorbs the radiation from the sun _____________ than water. Air Pressure A. There is a column of air above you at all times. The measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface is _________ ________________, also called atmospheric pressure. C. There are 4 factors that influence the air pressure in an area: 1. ___________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ___________ __________ 4. __________________ 1. Elevation: Air at ________ ___________ has more molecules in each cubic meter of space than air at the top of a mountain. The density of air _______________ as altitude increases. Atmospheric pressure is _________________ near Earth’s surface and _________________ as you move upward away from sea level. 2. Temperature: The ______________ the air, the more the molecules move _______________ one another. Colder air is _________ dense. More dense air pushes _________ and has a _____________ air pressure than warm air. The ______________ the air, the more the molecules move _____________. Warmer air is _________ dense. Less dense air __________ upward and has ___________ air pressure than colder air. 3. Water Vapor: More water vapor in air has less ________ ________________ because part of the space is being taken up by water; therefore there are ___________ air molecules per cubic meter of space available to push down. The most important function of the _____________ is giving off water ___________ into the atmosphere. 4. Location: Air closer to the poles is _____________ and __________ dense than air near the equator. Therefore there is ____________ pressure near the poles than at the equator. Places that have similar ________________ (distance from equator) most likely have similar climates. Air moves in large, circular patterns called ______________________ __________. Wind A. Differences in air pressure cause ________. Winds occur because air tends to move from regions of _____________ air pressure to regions of ________ air pressure. 1. As warm air becomes less dense it ___________. (low pressure) 2. The colder, ________ dense air pushes down (high pressure) and rushes in to take the rising, warm air’s place. 3. Winds are named from where they _________________ or came from. B. Local winds – _________________ winds that blow in an area and are produced by temperature differences caused by local _____________________ _________________ Ex: Sea and Land breezes 1. Sea Breezes – a. Land heats up during the ________ b. Air over __________ gets warmer than air Draw a sea breeze here: Sea Land over water c. ________ air over land __________, while cooler, more dense air from over ____________ rushes in to take its place 2. Land Breeze a. Land cools down at ___________ b. Air over _________ gets cooler than air over ___________ c. _____________ air over ocean ________ while cooler, _______ dense air from over ________rushes in to take its place (Example: Before sunrise on the beach, air over water is _____________ than air over land.) Draw a land breeze here: Sea Land C. Global Winds – blow almost ___________________ in ____________ direction 1. Air above the poles is very ______ (higher density and higher pressure) 2. Air above the equator is ______________ (less density and lower pressure) 3. The lower pressure warm air ________ and the higher pressure cold air ______ and rushes toward the lower pressure areas (equator). 4. The rising, low pressure air at the equator is pushed toward the _________ creating global winds 5. Coriolis Effect – the _______________of the Earth causes the wind paths to _________ to the left or right. D. ________ _______________ - fast moving, narrow belt of wind that has a great impact on changing weather conditions because it determines major air movements. Air Masses ________ ____________ - large body of air that gets its temperature and humidity ________ the _________ or ___________ over which it forms Warm Wet Maritime tropical Dry Continental tropical Cold Maritime polar Continental polar The cause of changes in the weather is when air masses __________ and __________. Fronts ___________ - boundary between 2 different air masses; Fronts usually bring some type of _______________________. a. _________ front – ______________ moving cold air overtakes the slower moving ________ air; The warm air quickly ___________ allowing water vapor to ________________. Thunderstorms and ______________ weather are common at these fronts. (Draw a picture of a cold front here.) On a weather map a cold front is represented by __________ __________________. b. ________ front - warmer air slowly moves _______ colder air and replaces it; Leads to long periods of steady _________ or __________. (Draw a picture of a warm front here.) On a weather map a warm front is represented by _______ ______________________. c. ________________ front - a ________ front and a ________ front meet, and neither can _________the other out of the way; creates days and days of the same weather (rain or dry spells). (Draw a picture of a stationary front here.) On a weather map a stationary front is represented by __________________ red semi-circles and blue arrows pointing in __________________ directions. d. __________________ front – a warm air mass is ________________ between a _________air mass and a ________ air mass. The warm air is _____ ______from the surface. This leads to _________ _________. (Draw an occluded front here.) On a weather map, an occluded front is represented by ____________ semi- circles and arrows pointing in the __________direction. Pressure Systems a. Low Pressure Systems 1) Winds blow _________ low pressure areas 2) ___________, __________ air will rise, causing _________ formation 3) Weather is usually _____________ or _____________. Cloudy nights can be ______________ than clear nights because clouds trap heat _______________ by Earth during the daylight hours. b. High Pressure Systems 1) Winds blow _________ from high pressure areas 2) ______________ motion of air makes it ______________ for clouds to form 3) Weather is usually _________ and __________. Severe Weather 1. _________________________ are brought by ______________________ clouds. 2. _________________ are violent, whirling winds that form over __________. 3. _________________ are large, swirling storms that form over the ____________. They are the ___________ powerful storms. ________, _________ air must be present for a hurricane to develop. Resources ___________________ is an example of a _____________________ resource. _______________ is an example of a ________________ resource/alternative to fossil fuels. Alternative fuels are important because fossil fuels are ________ renewable, and we need other choices for energy.