Download Exam 1 Review KEY

BIOL 256 SI, Molly
2/4/16
EXAM 1 REVIEW KEY
1.) Fill in the missing boxes and give a description of each (can be what it does, tests to measure it,
or what could happen if it is outside of normal range)
Molecule
Normal Range
Description
Arterial pH
7.35-7.45
Too low = acidosis
Too high = alkalosis
Bicarbonate
24-28 mEq/L
Buffer in blood – explains
renal functioning
Sodium
135-145 mEq/L
Signal transduction
Calcium
4.5-5.5 mEq/L
Signal transduction
Oxygen
17.2-22.0 mL/100mL
Explains respiratory function
Urea
12-35 mg/100mL
Amino Acids
3.3-5.1 mg/100mL
Protein
6.5-8 g/100mL
BUN test (Blood Urea
Nitrogen) – explains efficiency
of kidneys
Too high in newborns = signs
of metabolic disease = PKU
Too high = may be infection
Total Lipids
400-800 mg/100mL
Triglyceride/cholesterol
Glucose
75-110 mg/100mL
Too high = may be diabetes
2.) What are the purposes of positive and negative feedback mechanisms? Give one example of
each.
Negative feedback – to prevent sudden and severe changes within the body (Ex: beta cells of
the pancreas release insulin when blood glucose is high)
Positive feedback – to enhance or exaggerate the original stimulus (Ex: oxytocin release during
childbirth)
3.) Describe the 8 necessary life functions.
a. Maintaining boundaries – internal environment distinct from external
b. Movement – locomotion, propulsion, and contractility
c. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
d. Digestion – breakdown of ingested food
e. Metabolism – all chemical reactions occurring in body
f. Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
g. Reproduction – cellular and organism levels
h. Growth – increase in size of a body part or of organism
4.) Describe the 5 essential survival needs.
a. Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions
b. Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
c. Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at
life-sustaining rates
d. Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building
e. Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
5.) Match each of the following definitions to one of the pictures below. There are no repeats.
Blood plasma and interstitial fluid __c__
Fluid between the cells in your tissues, but not in blood _e___
Fluid in the cells, but not around the cells __b__
All fluid in and between cells and tissues __a__
Fluid in blood, but not in blood cells _d___
6.) Which of the following is not an inorganic molecule?
a. Water
b. Lipids
c. Salts
d. Acids
e. O2
7.) Bases release __OH-_____ in water; acids release __H+____ in water.
8.) Match the following:
Acidic
pH = 7
Basic (alkaline)
pH < 7
Neutral
pH > 7
9.) What does a buffer do?
Resist change in pH with small additions of acid or base.
10.) A molecule that is a mirror image of another, having a key functional group oriented in a
different direction, is called a ___stereoisomer________ of the other.
11.) What forms do humans and plants store glucose as?
Humans – glycogen
Plants – starch
12.) Sketch the structure of the following types of lipids:
a. Phospholipid
b. Steroid
c. Triglyceride
d. Fatty Acid (saturated and unsaturated)
13.) How many double bonds to mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids have?
a. Monounsaturated: 1 double bond
b. Polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds
14.) Define each of the structural levels of proteins.
Primary – single strand of amino acids
Secondary – 3D arrangement (alpha helix or beta sheet)
Tertiary – overall molecular structure/secondary pieces that have come together
Quaternary – 2+ polypeptides come together
15.) When DNA polymerase creates a copy of the DNA, it makes RNA. This process is called
__transcription________. After that, the strand of RNA creates a protein strand. This process is
called ____translation___________.
16.) Name the five nitrogenous bases and correctly pair them.
A-T (DNA)
A-U (RNA)
C-G
17.) Name the three types of RNA and describe their main functions.
mRNA – carries the genetic code to make proteins
tRNA – has anticodons that correlate the correct amino acid to the codons on mRNA
rRNA – enzymatic activity that helps create the protein strand
18.) Using the Genetic Code Table below, change this strand of DNA into a protein.
3’ GGC TAC TTG GAC CCA AAG TAG TCA ACT TGA CAA CCC 5’
5’ CCG AUG AAC CUG GGU UUC AUC AGU UGA ACU GUU GGG 3’
Met Asn Leu Gly Phe Ile Ser
19.) Transcribe the following DNA antisense sequence:
3’ ATG GGA CAG GGG AAC CAT TTA 5’
5’ UAC CCU GUC CCC UUG GUA AAU 3’
20.) What is splicing, what sections are kept, and what sections are discarded?
Splicing is a post-transcriptional process. The introns in pre-mRNA are discarded and the exons
are kept to create the mature mRNA strand.
21.) What is a polyribosome?
Many ribosomes on one mRNA
22.) By coupling a reaction, an ___exergonic_______ reaction allows an ___endergonic______
reaction to become spontaneous.
23.) How can multiple diseases appear from the same metabolic pathway?
Different enzymes are affected at different locations along the pathway
24.) Molecules that have lost electrons have been _oxidized_______. Molecules that have gained
electrons have been __reduced________.
25.) Create an arrow diagram that shows the transformation of glucose to ATP. Place the products
before and after the arrows, and the reaction name above the arrow. Include the amounts of
ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 made. *Note: pay attention to how many are made PER CYCLE
26.) Where do each of the following reactions take place?
a. Glycolysis: cytoplasm
b. Transition reaction: Moving from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix
c. Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix
d. Electron transport chain: mitochondrial cristae (inner membrane)
e. Cori Cycle: From muscles to liver and back
27.) What type of energy storage provides the greatest amount of energy?
a. Glucose
b. Fat
c. Ketones
d. Lactic Acid
28.) The brain uses ___glucose___________ for energy, while the skeletal muscles prefer ___fatty
acids_______. The liver and heart are capable of using ____lactic acid_________ as energy,
unlike the brain and skeletal muscles.
29.) Describe each of the following:
a. Facilitated diffusion: movement of ions/molecules through protein channels
b. Simple diffusion: movement through the membrane with no help
c. Active transport: movement across membrane using energy
30.) The movement of water across the membrane is titled __osmosis_________.
31.) What will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic solution?
Hypotonic: cells will swell and burst
Hypertonic: cells will shrivel