Download There are two different forms of Learning

Thinking, Learning, and Intelligence
What is learning?
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of experience.
There are two different forms of Learning:
1.
Associative learning- is learning that certain events occur together ( These events may
contain two stimulus as in classical conditioning)
2. Observational learning- we learn by watching others’ experience and examples.
Classical Conditioning

It is a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimulus.
In Pavlov’s work he laid the basic foundation of behaviorism, In his theory of classical
conditioning:
1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – An automatic and natural response
2. Unconditioned Response (UR) - It is an unlearned response to and unconditioned
stimulus.
3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – an original irrelevant stimulus that after association with
the US comes to trigger a conditional response.
4. Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned response to a pervious neutral stimulus
Five major conditioning processes
1. Acquisition- The initial stage in classical conditioning, where this phase associates
the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so later it becomes a conditioned
response.
2. Extinction- diminishes the responding when the CS no longer impending US.
3. Spontaneous recovery – is the appearance of a formerly extinguished response.
4. Generalization- is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to CS.
5. Discrimination- is the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant
stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
There are two major characteristic:
1.
Respondent behavior- behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some
stimulus.
2.
Operant Behavior- behavior that operates on the environment, producing
consequences.
Thorndike’s law of effect
Asserts that rewards behavior is likely to recur; thanks to this law, B.F Skinner
devote his life into exploring the principles and conditions of learning through
operant conditioning.
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Operant chamber- Contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain
food or water reinforce, with attachment devices to record the animal’s rate of
pressing the bar or key
Skinner used shaping, as a procedure as a reinforcers, (such as food), gradually
guide an animal’s action toward the desire behavior.
Types of Reinforcers –

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Positive Reinforcement- Increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli. (Note:
Present AFTER a response to strength the response.)
Negative Reinforcement- Increasing behavior by stopping or reducing negative
stimuli. (Note it is NOT a punishment.)
Primary reinforcers- innately reinforcing stimulus, such as satisfying ones needs.
Conditioned Reinforcers- a stimulus that gains its reinforcement power through
associating it with primary reinforcer.
Reinforcement Schedules –
1. Continuous Reinforcement- the desired behavior is reinforced every single time
it occurs.
2.
Partial Reinforcement- the response is reinforced only part of the time.
There are four schedules of partial reinforcement:
1. Fixed-ratio schedules- a response is reinforced only after a specified number of
responses.
2. Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an
unpredictable number of responses.
3. Fixed-interval schedules are those where the first response is rewarded only after
a specified amount of time has elapsed.
4. Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an
unpredictable amount of time has passed.