Download 1-coronary valve

Cardio valves:
1-coronary valve:
(also known as mitral valve)
separates the left atrium and left ventricle and allowed
passage of normal blood in one direction from the
atrium to the ventricle.
2-Aortic valve: is located between the left ventricle and
the aorta which allows the passage of blood at the
opening of a one-way from the left ventricle to the aorta.
3-Tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and
right ventricle, and allows the passage of blood in one
direction from the right atrium to right ventricle.
4- Pulmonary valve: located between the right
ventricle and pulmonary artery, and allows the passage
of blood in one direction from the right ventricle to the
pulmonary artery and ultimately into the lungs.
Cardio valve
cardiac cycle:
The cardiac cycle is a term referring to all or any of
the events related to the flow or blood pressure that
occurs from the beginning of one heart beat to the
beginning of the next. The frequency of the cardiac
cycle is described by the heart rate. Each beat of the
heart involves five major stages:
The first two stages, often considered together as the
"ventricular filling" stage, involve the movement of
blood from atria into ventricles. The next three stages
involve the movement of blood from the ventricles to
the pulmonary artery (in the case of the right ventricle)
and the aorta (in the case of the left ventricle).
Throughout the cardiac cycle, blood pressure increases
and decreases. The cardiac cycle is coordinated by a
series of electrical impulses that are produced by
specialized heart cells found within the sinoatrial
node and the atrioventricular node . The cardiac muscle
is composed of myocytes which initiate contraction
without help of external nerves. Under normal
circumstances, each cycle takes approximately one
second.
Cardiac Cycle
Heart sounds :
Heart sounds, or heartbeats, are the sounds generated
by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood
through it (specifically, the turbulence created when the
heart valves snap shut). In cardiac auscultation , an
examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique
and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data
regarding the condition of the heart.
In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds
often described as lub and dub , that occur in sequence
with each heart beat. These are the first heart sound (S1)
and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of
the aortic valves and semilunar valves respectively. In
addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other
sounds may be present including heart murmurs,
adventitious sounds, and gallop S3 and S4.
Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of
blood, which may occur inside or outside the heart.
Murmurs may be physiological (benign) or
pathological (abnormal). Abnormal murmurs can be
caused by stenosis the opening of a heart valve,
resulting in turbulence as blood flows through it
S1
It is caused by reverse blood flow due to closure of the
atrioventricular valves. When the ventricles begin to
contract . The closing of the inlet valves prevents blood
flow and regurgitation of blood from the ventricles back
into the atria.
S2
It is caused by reversing blood flow due to closure of
the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary
valve) at the end of ventricular systole.
S3
It occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is
lower than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin. The third
heart sound is benign in youth, some trained athletes, and
sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it
may signal cardiac problems like a failing left ventricle as
in dilated congestive heart failure (CHF). S3 is thought to
be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth
between the walls of the ventricles.
S4
It is a sign of a pathologic case.The sound occurs just
after atrial contraction at the end of diastole and
immediately before S1.
Heart sounds