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Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models • One-Dimensional Models – Explain behavior in terms of a single cause – Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach – Tendency to ignore information from other areas One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models (continued) • Multidimensional Models – Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative – “System” of influences that cause and maintain suffering – Draws upon information from several sources – Abnormal behavior is multiply determined Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior • Major Influences – Biological – Behavioral – Emotional – Social & Cultural – Developmental Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology • Phenotype vs. Genotype • Nature of Genes – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The double helix – 23 pairs of chromosomes – Dominant vs. recessive genes – Development and behavior is often polygenetic • Genetic Contribution to Psychopathology – Less than 50% The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects • Eric Kandel and Gene-Environment Interactions • The Diathesis-Stress Model – Examples: Blood-injury-injection phobia, alcoholism The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects (continued) • Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model – Examples: Depression, impulsivity • Non-Genomic Inheritance of Behavior – Genes are not the whole story – Environmental influences may override genetics Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology • The Field of Neuroscience – The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior • Branches of Human Nervous System – The Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord – The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Somatic and autonomic branches Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System • The Neuron – Soma – Cell body – Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons – Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons – Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent – Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System (continued) • Neurons Operate Electrically, but Communicate Chemically – Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers Overview: Neuroscience and Brain Structure • Two Main Parts – Brainstem and forebrain • Three Main Divisions – Hindbrain – Midbrain – Forebrain Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain • Hindbrain – Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration – Pons – Regulates sleep stages – Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination • Midbrain – Coordinates movement with sensory input – Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain (continued) • Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex) – Most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing – Two specialized hemispheres Major Structures of the Brain Fig. 2.6b1, p. 47 Major Structures of the Brain Fig. 2.6b2, p. 47 Neuroscience and Brain Structure • Lobes of Cerebral Cortex – Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory – Parietal – Touch recognition – Occipital – Integrates visual input – Temporal – Recognition of sights and sounds, long-term memory storage Neuroscience and Brain Structure (continued) • Limbic System – Thalamus – Receives and integrates sensory information – Hypothalamus – Eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Somatic Branch of PNS – Controls voluntary muscles and movement • Autonomic Branch of the PNS – Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches – Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature – Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems (continued) • The Endocrine System – Hormones • The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis) – Integration of endocrine and nervous system function Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters • Functions of Neurotransmitters – Agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists – Most drugs are either agnostic or antagonistic Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters (continued) • Main Types of Neurotransmitters – Serotonin (5HT) – Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) – Norepinephrine – Dopamine Major Serotonin Pathways in the Brain Fig. 2.10, p. 51 Manipulating Serotonin in the Brain Fig. 2.11, p. 52 Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology • Relations Between Brain and Abnormal Behavior – Example: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) • Psychosocial Influences – Can change brain structure and function Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology (continued) • Therapy – Also can change brain structure and function – Medications and psychotherapy • Psychosocial Factors – Interact with brain structure and function The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science • Conditioning and Cognitive Processes – Respondent and operant learning – Learned helplessness – Social Learning • Modeling and observational learning – Prepared learning The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science (continued) • Cognitive Science and the Unconscious – Implicit memory – Blind sight – Stroop paradigm The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology • The Nature of Emotion – To elicit or evoke action – Action tendency different from affect and mood – Intimately tied with several forms of psychopathology The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (continued) • Components of Emotion – Behavior, physiology, and cognition – Example of fear • Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation – Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness, and psychopathology Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition,and physiology Fig. 2.15, p. 62 Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology • Cultural Factors – Influence the form and expression of behavior • Gender Effects – Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology • Social Effects on Health and Behavior – Frequency and quality important – Related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology (continued) • Stigma of Psychopathology – Culturally, socially, and interpersonally situated Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over Psychopathology • Life-Span Developmental Perspective – Addresses developmental changes – Influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal • The Principle of Equifinality – From developmental psychopathology – Several paths to a given outcome – Paths vary by developmental stage Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology • Multiple Causation – Is the rule, not the exception • Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective – Biological – Psychological – Social, cultural, and developmental factors Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology (continued) • Comprehensive Approach – Understanding the causes of psychopathology – To best alleviate and prevent psychopathology