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Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplements • Product, other than tobacco, intended to enhance the diet that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, and/or other botanicals • Found in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, gel tabs, extracts or liquids Vitamins • Consume well-balanced diet, do not need vitamin supplement • Vitamins do not provide energy and do not build muscles; help release energy from carbs and fat people ingest • Only disorders vitamins can cure are vitamin deficiencies Minerals • Well-balanced diet, do not need mineral supplement; excess can cause toxicity • Do not provide energy Herbal Supplements • Plant matter, used in the form of powders, extracts, teas and/or tablets, believed to have therapeutic benefits • Considered dietary supplement by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and therefore not regulated like traditional drugs Herbal Supplements • No standard for quality of product • Not required to prove safety or effectiveness • FDA can only remove herbal supplement after it has been proven to be unsafe Performance Enhancers • Ergogenic Aids-any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency • Most common are anabolic steroids Anabolic Steroids • Anabolic-androgenic steroids-man made substances related to male sex hormones that are used to build muscle and enhance masculine characteristics • Available legally only by prescription to treat conditions that occur when the body produces abnormally low amounts of testosterone Anabolic Steroids • • • • • • • Side Effects-many are permanent Liver Tumors Cancer Jaundice (yellowing of skin) High blood pressure Kidney tumors Acne Anabolic Steroids Gender Specific • • • • • Male Infertility Baldness Breast development Increased risk of prostate cancer • Female • Facial hair • Male-pattern baldness • Change or loss of menstrual cycle • Deepened voice Anabolic Steroids Psychological Side Effects • • • • • • Aggression Depression Mood swings Paranoid jealousy Extreme irritability Delusions Growth Hormone • Ergogenic aid produced by the pituitary gland that works to increase conversion of amino acids to protein • Allows fat to be used as energy source • Side effects: heart disease, osteoporosis, death Caffeine • Acts as a stimulant and is believed to enhance endurance and improve reaction times • High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, nervousness and dehydration Creatine Monohydrate • Amino acid, found naturally in skeletal muscle, that is stored for quick energy and is used as a supplement to increase skeletal muscle • Creatine theoretically works by increasing energy production during exercise enabling athletes to sustain strenuous exercise for longer periods of time Creatine • Side effects: muscle cramping, dehydration, nausea and seizures • May also affect kidney function Ephedra • Substance derived from a shrub-like plant; used as a stimulant to boost energy, enhance athletic performance and aid in weight loss • Has potentially life threatening stimulant effects on the central nervous system and heart Ephedra • Works to suppress sweat mechanism while athlete is exercising which can cause a rapid rise in body temperature, leading to heat stroke • Nervousness, insomnia, nausea, high blood pressure, seizures, heart attack, stroke, death