Download Ch. 11 Notes

LS Ch. 11 Notes
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LS Ch. 11 Notes
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LS Ch. 11 Notes
Contribution of Animals
Many provide food for us and other animals
Clothing and shoes are sometimes made from animal
products
Research shows that holding or petting a cat or dog
slows the heartbeat and blood pressure
Offices often have aquariums because sight of fish
often relaxes patients
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Animals can be both good and bad
Bees are often considered to be a pest if you have them
in your yard
But bees are important in pollinating flowers, if you
remove the bees you have less flowers
Wolves...good or bad?
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1.) All animals must take in food from their
environment (heterotroph)
2.) Animals do not grow beyond a certain adult
size
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3.) Animals are multicellular
4.) Cells have a cell membrane, but no cell wall
5.) Most animals have the ability to move from place to
place...this is called locomotion
Fly, run, swim, crawl, hop, or slither
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Some animals only move during early stages of their lives
As adults they anchor onto some solid object and remain
there
Barnacles attach themselves to piers and boats
Sponges don't seem to move, but they do have limited
movement
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Symmetry
Symmetry is the balanced
arrangement of body parts
around a center point or line
Starfish have no head or tail,
in a circle around a center
point
This circular body plan is
called radial symmetry
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Most animals, including humans, have bilateral symmetry
An animal with bilateral symmetry has its exterior body
parts arranged the same way on both sides of its body
A dog has two legs on each side
A butterfly has one wing on each side
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Animals with bilateral symmetry usually have a definite
front end and back end
Anterior = Front end
Posterior = Back end
Dorsal = Upper side
Ventral = Under side
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Some animals don't have any type of symmetry
Asymmetry means "lacking symmetry"
You cannot divide them into equal halves
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There are two large groups of animals
1.) Vertebrates are animals with backbones
The small bones that make up the back
bone are called vertebrae
The vertebrae are supporting and
protecting the spinal cord, which is a
bundle of nerves
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2.) Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone
Evolved on Earth long before vertebrates
Many have shells, or outside skeletons
Starfish, jellyfish, grasshoppers, octopuses
There are about 41,700 species of vertebrates
That might sound like alot...but only 3% of animals are
vertabrates
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Remember...
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom - Animal
Phylum - Vertebrate
Invertebrate
Class - Fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
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Section 2 - Sponges and Cnidarians
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A sponge in adult form, is attached to an object in the
water and does not move
Animals that do not move are called sessile
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Spongin is a flexible protein
Spicules are very sharp spikes
The "skeleton" of a sponge is made
up of one of these
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Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually
During sexual reproduction an egg cell becomes fertilized
by a sperm cell
A larva, or young sponge, then develops
This larva swims with a flagella to find a permanent home
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If a small piece of a mature sponge breaks off, it can
form a new sponge!
This process is called regeneration
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Coelenterates (Cnidarians)
Cnidarians are "baglike" animals that have tentacles
arounds their mouths
i.e. jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, and coral
Cnidarians have simple tissues, but no organs
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Corals have hard skeletons usually made of limestone
Coral reefs are created over hundreds of years as living
corals
life
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Cnidarians life cycle has two main stages
In the polyp stage, the animals body is vase-shaped
In the medusa stage, it is bell-shaped
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A planarian is a type of flatworm
of their body
From the mouth they can extend a pharynx, which is a
feeding tube
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Planarians reproduce both sexually and asexually
There are no male or female planarians...each planarian
produces both egg and sperm cells!
Asexual - A small cut off piece of planarian can form a
completely new organism...this is called regeneration
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Larva hookworms can get into people who walk barefoot
in areas where they live
The larva is so small it can painlessly enter the body
It then enters a blood vessel and makes its way to the
lungs
It gets coughed up, and swallowed into the digestive
tract
In the intestines it feeds on blood
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An earthworm is a segmented worm
There is a large band of tissue near the anterior end of
the worm
This band is called the clitellum, and is involved in
reproduction
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Earthworms have setae, or tiny bristles, that are located
on the ventral side of the worm
through the soil
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The digestive system of a segmented worm consists of
the esophogus, a thin-walled crop for storage, and a
thick, muscular gizzard for grinding.
The rest of the digestive system is an intestine that
ends with the anus
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Segmented worms have blood vessels and "hearts"
Earthworms actually have 5 pairs of hearts. The
hearts are actually very simple muscles that pump
blood into the vessels
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