Download Henretta CHP 02 powerpoint.pptx

Major AP Theme in this Chapter
Chapter!
2!
Slide Show!
"
Major Skills in Chapter 1"
  Continuity and Change Over time"
  How long and why did a distinctly different
AMERICAN culture arise"
  BUT, they were still more English than anything
else"
  Africans were forced to change the most, but they
did continue stories, songs, etc."
The Beginnings of Colonial America "
•  Purpose: To gain an understanding of"
–  the background of English and Spanish colonization in
continental North America"
–  The 3 types of colonies created"
•  Tribute: Meso-America and Andes"
•  Plantation: Portuguese Brazil (SILVER), most Caribbean Islands,
English Chesapeake/Southern (SUGAR)"
•  Neo-European: English Northern and Middle colonies"
–  Major problems faced in BOTH areas including Natives"
–  Timeframe: the 17th century (mostly)"
  Ideas, Beliefs Culture
  Major change in religions: Catholic vs Protestant vs Muslim vs.
Animism
  This was as much political as it was Religious
  Environment and Geography
  Why did people, mostly of English ancestry develop 3 distinct
colonial cultures
  How the geography of Europe led to exploration
Major Skills in Chapter 1"
 Historical Argumentations"
  There is an ongoing debate among historians
as to WHEN did an American Identity arise"
  Some argue when they first Englishman stepped
foot on American soil"
  Others argue 1753 with the French and Indian
War."
Europeans colonize
North America"
•  In the 16th and 17th
centuries, the main focus
of European colonization
was the Caribbean (West
Indies), East Indies,
South, and Central
America."
•  Spain conquered the
largest American empire."
1
1. THE Spanish Tribute Colonies
in Meso America"
• 
• 
• 
• 
Encomienda system evolved from Papal decree"
Haciendas arose"
Mestizo and Creole arose"
Casta system to keep it organized from a
Spanish perspective "
English Migration to North America"
•  In the long run, the
English colonies
proved more successful
than others."
•  The main reason for
this was the great
number of migrants
that left England in the
17th and 18th
centuries."
• North America was colonized
by less powerful European
nations, like France, Holland,
Sweden, and England."
• The rest of Chapter 2 focuses
on the two earliest regions of
English colonization in North
America: the Chesapeake and
New England."
The English monarch most responsible
for defining the Protestant reformation
in England was "
"
""
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
Mary of Scotland. "
James II. "
Charles I. "
Elizabeth I."
"
Edward V, and Richard III
1483-1485 (War of Roses).
2
Martin Luther asks a question"
•  How to make the Gospels and the Old Testament
reconcile???? "
•  He became convinced that the church had lost sight of
what he saw as several of the central truths of
Christianity — the most important being the doctrine of
justification by faith alone."
•  Luther's study of theology was based on the via
moderna, or "modern way," it emphasized on the one
hand the all-powerful will of God (Predestination) and,
on the other hand, human being's ability to contribute
toward their salvation through Faith. "
God does ALL the work, he brings
the rope ties it around you drags
you up with or without your
consent or help
Good Works? Faith?, or Grace?"
•  Lutherans at first came to REJECT pure faith as
the only qualification for salvation, as it leads,
ultimately, to Antinomianism: the charge of
religious lawlessness, for how could God s will
be fulfilled if everyone had Grace , and could do
whatever they want. So they settled on Grace: the
idea of the elect, people saved regardless of what
they did. But they wanted to hold onto FAITH as
an important, but not defining, element."
•  Relics are objects considered to be holy and the viewing of
which considered meritorious, allowing the viewer to receive
relief from temporal punishment for sins in purgatory. By 1509
the Elector "already owned 5,005 of them, including several vials
of the milk of the Virgin Mary, straw from the manger [of Jesus],
and the entire corpse of one of the innocents massacred by King
Herod "
•  Luther said of his excommunication by the Pope: "As for me, …
I do not wish to be reconciled with her; or even to hold any
communication with her. Let her condemn and burn my books; I,
in turn …will condemn and publicly burn the whole pontifical
law, that swamp of heresies. In 1545, Luther wrote a pamphlet
entitled, Against the Papacy Established by the Devil, and during
his life became known for diatribes against the papacy."
God does ½ the work, he pours
the water down the well. You do
½ the “work” by relaxing (faith
and love) and the rising water will
carry you to safety
1560 Geneva
Bible. Inexpensive
printed bibles (In
German—not
Latin) led to
questioning the
Catholic Church"
•  A Jesuit
(Catholic Priest)
converted to
Protestantism"
3
20,000 Lutherans Evicted (Ger)"
Irish Catholics
drowned by
English
Anglicans"
Dutch Mennonites"
Catholics
butchered by
French
Hugonots
(Protestants)"
Lutheran
Church
Service"
Hugonots butchered by Catholics"
4
Puritan Capital
laws—based on
Bible. Mostly
Exodus &
Leviticus"
!
The results are
a religiously
divided
Europe.!
But it wasn’t
always
religious."
More…"
Which of the following tenants was
rejected by the Calvinists"
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
The 1588 Spanish Armada was"
A.  destroyed by a combination of "nimble" English
ships and severe weather off the coast of Ireland."
B.  aided in its attack on England by storms known as
"the Protestant wind." "
C.  An aid to the colony of Roanoke, the “Lost Colony”."
D.  An aid to the colony of Jamestown."
papal supremacy "
veneration of saints"
clerical celibacy "
all of the above"
2. THE Plantation Colonies"
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Brazil (Portuguese)"
Chesapeake (Va. & Md.)"
Carolina’s"
Ga."
Caribbean"
5
•  Demographic reasons:"
–  Population growth"
–  Internal migration to cities"
•  Economic reasons:"
–  Decline in real wages"
–  Farm enclosures"
–  Mercantilism"
–  Joint stock companies"
Reasons for
English
Migration"
•  English power increase:"
–  Victory over the Spanish
Armada, 1588"
•  Religious unrest (HenryVIII,
Bloody Mary, Eliz.I, Mary of
Scotland)"
Chesapeake Bay
Jamestown: Starving Times "
•  The Jamestown colony had big trouble
surviving."
•  Many colonists did not want to work in
agriculture, hoping to find precious metals
instead."
•  Many expected the local Indians to feed and
serve them."
•  Bad hygenic conditions, (swampy land) led to
various illnesses."
The Founding of Jamestown, "
•  In 1606, King James I
granted overlapping land
grants in Virginia to two
joint-stock companies,
the Virginia company of
London and the Virginia
company of Plymouth."
•  The Plymouth company s attempt in
modern-day Maine was a failure."
•  In 1607, the Virginia company of
London sent 144 colonists to Virginia.
Only 104 even survived the journey."
•  In an area the local Native Americans
called Tsenacomoco, these survivors
founded Jamestown, in modern-day
Virginia."
The primary export of the Virginia
Colony was"
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
cotton.""
tobacco"
flax. "
wheat."
6
Captain John
Smith
John
Rolfe
•  During this time she agreed to
marry John Rolfe, one of the
leading settlers."
•  So why is this important?"
The Pocahontas Myth"
•  Pocahontas was the daughter of
Powhatan."
•  She saved John Smith in a mock
execution ritual."
•  During the first Anglo-Powhatan
war (1610-12), the settlers
kidnapped her and held her captive
for several years."
•  Of the original 104 settlers, only 38 survived
the first winter.!
John Smith, a soldier of fortune, took over the
colony s leadership in 1608, imposing
military discipline and improving conditions.
After he left the colony in 1609, discipline
collapsed again."
•  In the second starving time , of 1609 400 of
500 died."
"
7
Powhatan Confederacy
Virginia: Native
American
Relations"
•  The Jamestown colonists had
landed in a Native American
power struggle."
•  Powhatan, the leader of a
powerful confederacy, hoped "
"to get the English on his side."
•  The English could provide
various militarily and
economically useful goods."
a drawing of a 17th century
Virginia Native American
• Initially, relatively good cooperation
between the English and the Native
Americans."
• Until the English no longer needed the
Amerinds."
• Three Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 1610-14,
1622-32, 1644-46. Powhatan
confederacy crumbled afterwards."
All of the following were problems
faced by the early settlers of Jamestown
EXCEPT"
A.  The colonists often faced starvation due to lack of
supplies and lack of farming skills."
B.  There were not enough gentlemen and specialized
craftsmen to provide leadership for the colony."
C.  The colony was located in a malaria and typhoid
infested area."
D.  Local Indians were unpredictable and often hostile
toward the colonists."
Virginia: Economic
Development"
• Since Virginia
was conceived as
a mercantilist
venture, it
needed to make a
profit."
"
• John Rolfe found a profitable
staple crop: tobacco."
• Initially, tobacco was hugely
successful. The crop shaped
Virginia s way of life."
• Tobacco was Land and Labor
intensive. Dispersed plantations,
not compact villages, and slavery
were the result."
8
Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
Virginia: Labor"
•  Tobacco cultivation was very labor intensive, but
labor was in short supply. Planters therefore turned
to indentured servants as a solution."
•  Indentured servants were single young men and
women who came to America, especially Virginia,
mainly in the 17th century."
•  Instead of paying their passage, they agreed to
work for a fixed term, usually seven years. Their
contracts could be bought and sold."
The colony that was established as a
Catholic refuge was!
"
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
E. 
Maryland. "
Delaware. ""
Massachusetts.
New Jersey."
Vatican City"
""
•  For every servant a planter brought to
Virginia, he received extra land. This
was called the headright system."
•  However, hard work, harsh treatment,
and disease resulted in a devastating
mortality rate of more than 40% in the
first year."
•  So why after 1660, were indentured
servants increasingly replaced by
African slaves?"
Population
of
Chesapeake
Colonies:
1610-1750
•  The tobacco
boom did not
last."
•  After 1660, only
the so-called
First
Families (FFV)
did well."
9
Maryland"
•  In 1632, Charles I
gave Cecilius
Calvert (Lord
Baltimore) a
colonial charter."
•  In 1634, Maryland
was founded, the
first colony without
a starving time."
•  Originally intended as a haven for
Catholics, Protestants dominated
Maryland."
•  The 1649 Religious Toleration Act
passed to protect CATHOLICS
from growing Protestant groups."
•  Maryland soon became a tobaccogrowing colony much like Virginia."
Other southern colonies "
•  S. Carolina 1670"
–  Most slave intensive colony (rice, indigo, tobacco)"
–  Tied to the West Indies (Barbados)"
–  STRICT aristocracy"
•  N. Carolina 1653:"
–  Rebels, Squatters, Malcontents (Scots-Irish)"
•  Georgia 1733:"
–  Buffer colony with Spanish Fla."
–  Paternalistic philanthropic experiment"
–  Failed due to over control and lack of incentives"
Colonization
of
Maryland
Under the headright system,"
A.  a colonist received 50 acres of free land for
every person for whom he paid passage to
Virginia."
B.  serious crimes were punished by
decapitation. "
C.  a head tax was levied on every adult man and
woman in the colonies. "
D.  the wealthiest males in the colony were
allowed to go first (at the head) of
community processions."
Carolina"
•  Carolina was granted to a
group of proprietors in 1663."
•  North Carolina was settled
starting in 1665 by Virginians,
and became much like
Virginia."
•  South Carolina was settled by
colonists from Barbados. Its
staple was rice and it was
similar to the West Indies
colonies."
•  The split into North and South
was formalized in 1729."
10
Georgia"
•  Founded in 1732, Georgia
was not a Restoration colony."
•  Proprietor James Oglethorpe
intended a debtor colony, a
military outpost against
Spanish Florida."
•  Savannah was designed with
its military purpose in mind."
•  Originally, alcohol and
slavery were forbidden."
•  In 1752, Georgia became a
royal colony, growing rice
and allowing slavery like S.
Carolina."
Which of the following is true of
slavery in the English colonies?"
A.  The Dutch first introduced slavery to the
Virginia colony in 1618."
B.  By the time of the American Revolution,
most colonies had outlawed slavery."
C.  Most of the slaves in North America lived in
the new England colonies. "
D.  Since slavery was common in England, it also
was a basic feature of all the colonies."
a sketch of Savannah
Bacon’s(Rebellion((
63
•  1646 Governor Berkeley agreed to
a set border with Susquehanna
Indian chiefs but was unable to
enforce it. Illegal English squatters
led to Indian complaints of
encroachment on their land. "
•  Because of how the Royal
Governors were paid, Berkeley
relied on his trade monopoly with
the Indians for his wealth"
•  Constant conflict between Natives
and squatters (escaped Blacks, exIndentured Servants, runaway
servants, malcontents). Berkeley
always sided with the Indians"
"
64
Nathaniel(Bacon(
•  Moved(to(Virginia(in(1874(
•  Son(of(wealthy(nobleman(
•  Given(posiCon(by(Berkeley(
–  Treated(like(“new”(rich(by(the(
FFVs(
•  Old(money(and(new(money?(
(
65
66
11
AVermath(
Bacon’s(Rebellion((
!  Sided(with(Rebels(when(war(broke(out((
! English(send(troops(to(stop(rebellion(
(
! Berkeley(is(officially(recalled((removed(from(office)(
((
! New(governor(began(to(repress(leaders(of(rebellion,(
killing(and(exiling(them.(
(
! The(long(term(effect(for(Indians(was(that(the(fronCer(
was(again(pushed(back.(
◦  Upset(with(the(elites(in(the(East(
!  Ignored(Berkeley s(request(to(leave(
NaCves(alone(
!  Berkeley(declares(Bacon(a(rebel(
◦  Sends(miliCa(to(stop(him(
!  Bacon(defeats(miliCa(and(takes(Jamestown(
◦  Expels(Berkeley(
◦  Recalls(the(Assembly(
!  Dies(of(dysentery(before(he(can(complete(
any(reforms(
◦  Rebellion(dies(off(without(a(leader(
67
68
Emergence(of(slavery(
! In(1650(there(were(only(300(slaves(in(the(Chesapeake(
! Cheap(price(of(slaves(and(their(lifeCme(of(servitude(
make(them(aaracCve(
! No(need(to(give(slaves(land(
! 1672(African(Royal(Company((
Growth of slavery"
•  Bacon s Rebellion 1675"
•  Success with slaves in the Caribbean"
•  By 1700 there 15,000 slaves in the Chesapeake"
African
Population of
British Colonies,
1620-1780
69
70
Old Slavery
and New"
71
•  Slavery had
traditionally
existed in
Africa,
especially for
criminals, war
captives and
debtors."
•  Slavery with a
kinder, gentler
face?"
72
12
The Slave
Trade"
• 1619(–(First(Africans(arrive(
– Treated(like(indentured(servants(
• 1660sd(Slave(Codes(
• New(Slavery:(
•  In(the(late(
15th(
century,(
Portuguese(
took(over(
the(slave(
trade,(
keeping(a(
monopoly(
unCl(1600.(
–  Permanent(
–  Inherited(
–  Racedbased(
–  Harsh(
73
74
•  By(1808(
•  Colonial(North(American(
Slavery(
– 10(million(Africans(
taken(
–  Naturally(reproduced(
–  Labor(not(as(harsh(as(S.(
America/Caribbean(
•  Middle(Passage(
– Brutal(transportaCon(
•  Slaves(began(to(develop(
AfricandAmerican(culture(
•  All(connected:(
– Slavery(
– Colonial(PlantaCons(
– MercanClism(
–  CombinaCon(of(African(
Culture(and(Owner‘s(
culture(
–  Reinforced(by(White(
owners(
•  PROTOdCAPITALISM(
•  Anyone(who(was(dark(was(
African/Slave(
75
Slave(Religion(
76
Slave(Families(
•  Slaves(learned(English(
•  Slave(trade(destroyed(
families(
•  Slaves(began(to(rebuild(
them(
–  Adapted(to(owner‘s(
culture(
•  Most(slave(resisted(
ChrisCanity(
–  Always(a(threat(of(being(
sold(
–  Stayed(with(tradiConal(
African(beliefs(
–  A(few(Muslims(as(well(
•  Kinship(became(
important(
•  1st(Great(Awakening(
–  Extended(family(became(
an(important(part(of(
AfricandAmerican(culture(
–  Slaves(will(be(targeted(by(
iCnerant(Preachers(
77
78
13
Regional(Differences(of(Slavery(
RelaCve(Cost(of(Slave(vs.(Free(Labor(
! Slavery existed in all
North American
colonies, but it varied."
! Upper South: "
◦  tobacco, gang system"
! Lower South:"
◦  rice, indigo, task system,
Caribbean slave codes"
! Middle Colonies and
New England: "
◦  fewer slaves, urban
slavery, domestic servants"
79
80
Slave(Society(
•  Being(captured(in(the(midst((
of(life(
•  AucConed(off(
•  Middle(passage(
•  Death(and(disease(on(boat(
•  IdenCty(stripped(
(
•  By(1750(150,000(slaves(in(the(Chesapeake(
•  Huge(plantaCons(ensures(conCnued(dominaCon(
by(FFV s(and(House(of(Burgesses((Slavocracy).(((
•  Emergence(of(AfricandAmerican(culture(
3. Change from Plantation to !
The Neo-European Colonies"
•  New France (Canada to
New Orleans via the
Mississippi River"
•  New Netherlands"
•  New Sweden"
•  New England: N.H.,
Mass., Conn., R.I., (later
Vermont and Maine)"
•  Middle Colonies: NY,
NJ, PA, Delaware."
81
Early New England society would best
be described as"
Puritans believed that a person's
salvation depended on"
A.  a society with no interest in liberties or
rights. "
B.  competitive in nature. "
C.  communitarian in nature. "
D.  open and liberal."
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
good works. "
following the teachings of the church. "
God's covenant of grace. "
chance."
14
Puritans and the smaller Pilgrims came over for:!
All of the following religious groups
followed Calvinist principles except"
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
Lutherans. "
Presbyterians. "
Puritans. "
Huguenots."
Build on the Rock!
"Therefore whoever hears these sayings of Mine, and
does them, I will liken him to a wise man who built his
house on the rock: and the rain descended, the floods
came, and the winds blew and beat on that house; and it
did not fall, for it was founded on the rock. !
"But everyone who hears these sayings of Mine, and does
not do them, will be like a foolish man who built his
house on the sand: and the rain descended, the floods
came, and the winds blew and beat on that house; and it
fell. And great was its fall." !
Matthew 5
!
"
" THEM TO
•  COVENANT—GOD TOLD
BUILD A CITY ON THE HILL—A
BEACON IN THE NIGHT "
•  ECONOMIC REASONS (most were from the
Woolen Districts)"
•  During the Catholic reign of Mary—they came
to avoid persecution (287 killed for heresy)"
•  To be intolerant of others."
•  Create a primitive Christian Communitarian
Commonwealth based on charity and
Christ s…"
A Model of Christian Charity !
Governor (MBC) John Winthrop"
Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the
place we desire, then hath He ratified this covenant and sealed our
commission, and will expect a strict performance of the articles
contained in it; but if we shall neglect the observation of these
articles which are the ends we have propounded, and, dissembling
with our God, shall fall to embrace this present world and
prosecute our carnal intentions, seeking great things for ourselves
and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath
against us, and be revenged of such a people, and make us
know the price of the breach of such a covenant. "
"
Puritanism: The English Reformation"
COTTON
MATHER helps start
Salem Witch
Trials 1688"
•  In the 16th century,
Henry VIII had
separated the Church
of England from
Rome."
•  Elizabeth I
consolidated the
Church of England
along moderate lines."
a portrait of Henry VIII
15
• Some members of the Church of
England, the Puritans, demanded
more radical Calvinist reforms."
• They opposed church government
through bishops, and came into
conflict with the absolutist
ambitions of the Stuart kings in the
17th century."
•  They opposed many church rituals, such as
Christmas."
•  Separatist Puritans (a minority group called
Pilgrims) wanted to form a new church, NonSeparatists Puritans SAID that they wanted to
reform the system from within ."
•  Puritans were often persecuted by the English
state in the early 17th century because they
were so difficult to get along with. (Bloody
Mary had 250 burned)"
• The plan was to establish a
spiritually pure colony in the new
world, away from corrupt England."
• On their second landing site, they
established a settlement they called
Plymouth after the hometown of
some of the colonists."
Puritanism: Central Beliefs"
• Puritans were inspired by the
theology of John Calvin."
• Predestination"
• Covenant of Grace v. Covenant of
Works"
• They engaged in constant soulsearching and study of scripture."
Plymouth Plantation: The Pilgrims"
•  In 1620, a group of separatist
Puritans ( Pilgrims ) traveled to
North America aboard the ship
Mayflower."
•  The Mayflower compact established
a civil body politic for themselves
and their non-Pilgrim companions."
Plymouth: Survival Problems"
+ The Pilgrims had arrived as family groups, ready to
farm."
+ Also, the Native American population had been
decimated by an epidemic introduced by European
traders, so land was available."
 However, The Pilgrims arrived in December, giving
them no time to farm, just to build some shelter."
 A starving time resulted."
+ Native s, (decimated by disease, and internecine
warfare), helped the Pilgrims survive in order to win
over these strange allies . "
16
• However, the good cooperation
between local Indians and English
settlers was very short."
• The idea of a single Thanksgiving
event is mythical."
• Absorbed by Puritans in 1690.
So why are they remembered as
so important?"
Why the mass Puritan migration"
•  Charles 1st wanted to reclaim supreme power from
Parliament"
•  Believed that the High Anglican church had to control the
rise of Puritanism"
•  Many noblemen including Lord Cromwell had converted
to Puritanism"
•  Thus, if he crushed Puritanism he might also crush the
growing power of a growing Puritan Parliament."
•  He dismissed Parliament in 1630"
•  By 1642 he had to recall it to fund his war with Scotland"
•  It was supposed to be a model of
brotherly love and economic
cooperation. "
•  Emphasis on education (Harvard 1636)"
•  These ideals were reflected in the New
England village settlement patterns."
•  The focus on subsistence agriculture
and family coherence led to a rapid
increase in population."
Massachusetts Bay
Colony"
•  While Plymouth (Pilgrims)
remained small, a second
colony, Massachusetts Bay,
(Puritan) prospered."
•  Not QUITE a Theocracy"
•  In the Great English
Migration 1630-1642 over
20,000 came to New Eng."
•  The colony was relatively
well-prepared and profited
from a large # of settlers."
A City Upon A
Hill "
•  Massachusetts was "
"founded as a Christian "
"utopia, outlined by "
"John Winthrop "
"in his sermon "
" A Model of Christian charity. "
•  The colony was to be based on strict Puritan
theology, as an example to the old world."
•  The Merrymounters
showed why it was
not a place of
toleration"
•  Settlement spread
and the new colonies
of Connecticut,
Rhode Island, and
New Hampshire were
formed by Puritan
dissenters kicked out
of the
Commonwealth."
New England:
Native American
Relations"
17
Puritans (NOT Pilgrims)"
•  Came for ECONOMIC reasons as much as religious
reasons"
•  cruel and Unusual punishment??? "
•  John Cotton: Toleration is liberty to tell lies in the
name of the Lord ."
•  You can tell a lot about a group by the names they give
their children:"
–  Constance "
–  Joy From Above
–  Kill Sin
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"– Increase"
"– Hope"
"– Wrestle With The Devil"
18
What do
you
suppose
the F is
for?"
Antinomianism "
•  Anti = against Nomian = Law "
•  In other words: antinomianism is emphasizing faith
over doctrine (rules, law, Gospels)."
•  Puritans had been accused of this heresy by Catholics,
now the Puritans use it against anyone who preached
that piety and moral behavior did not assure electness."
•  Slowly, Puritans were moving back toward the
Catholic idea of works (but this time MORAL
works) as a sign of sainthood . "
•  WHY????????????"
The large-scale warfare between
European settlers and the Indians of
New England was called"
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
King James's War. "
Metacom's War. "
Bacon's Rebellion. "
Leisler's Rebellion."
Religious Dissent and Secularization"
•  Even though the Puritans left England
to escape moderate religious
persecution, they did not advocate
religious toleration."
•  3 famous dissenters were exiled in the
1630s: Roger Williams, Anne
Hutchinson and Thomas Hooker."
•  Quakers were first exiled and then
executed on return."
•  Disease"
•  Disunity"
•  Disposability"
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Amerinds and 3-D s"
Population (in
millions)
1500
1600
1700
1800
• Several major wars were fought,
such as the Pequot War (1637) and
King Philip s War (1675-76)."
• Puritan efforts at christianizing
New England Indians (Praying
Towns) were relatively
unsuccessful and mostly
abandoned after 1676."
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King Philip’s War "
•  Indian – White relations at low ebb by 1670s."
•  Treaties with Indians not kept, no real attempt by
whites to engage with Indians, nefarious tactics to get
land."
•  Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by whites, chief of
Wampanoags, Grandson of Massasoit (at thanksgiving
feast)."
•  Specific grievances over loss of tribal lands, effect of
alcohol and guns on people, also Puritan treatment of
‘praying Indians’ – confined to praying villages, taken
away from homes and families"
What did enemy s of the Pequot
do?"
The "half-way covenant" refers to!
"
A.  religious concessions made to those who had
not had the salvation experience."
B.  the responsibilities a person had to the
community in which they lived. "
C.  the status of a couple between engagement
and marriage. "
D.  contractual landholding responsibilities."
King Phillip’s War"
•  Wampanoags have better of initial skirmishes –
success leads to other tribes such as Nipmuc,
Narragansett, Pocasset and Pocomtuck joining
in – general Indian war"
•  But as the war drags on into 1676, Indians
unable to continue a long war (lack supplies and
planning). English were able to re-group and resupply, then counter-attack – eventually capture
and kill King Phillip."
Consequences of King Phillip’s War"
•  3000 Indians killed (50% of pop), loss of tribal leaders, exile of
many Indians to west, captives sold into slavery, remaining
tribes confined to praying villages. End of threat in New
England"
•  cost £100,000 - came close to bankrupting many colonies. 2500
white settlers killed, (10% of white men of fighting age),
damaged 52 of the 90 settlements in New England, totally
destroying 12 of them. "
•  Psychological - KPW so dreadful a judgment for straying
from path of righteousness; a warning from God, yet victory
showed God still on Puritan’s side, BUT you better act
BETTER!!!!!"
•  White settlement restricted, doesn't t reach 1675 levels again
until 1710 "
•  The second and third generations of Puritans often did
not become full church members. The Halfway
covenant was adopted in 1662 to accommodate them."
•  Church membership continued to decline and
ultimately became today s Non-Denominational or
Congregationist churches."
•  Puritans are important to us culturally and historically
because of the ideas and ideals they left behind"
–  Puritan work ethic"
–  Blue Laws"
–  Importance of community"
–  Etc."
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Religious Prevalence in Colonial
America
-Most people did not consider themselves religious
during the colonial period- only about 1/5!
-Most colonists arrived for nonreligious reasons!
-Church membership never surpassed 20% during
the colonial period!
-Approximately 80% of Americans, slaves excluded,
were WASPS (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants)!
-Other forms of Christianity were opposed by the
Protestants!
Conclusion"
•  Overall process of colonial maturity. In only 100 years
from desperate settlers fighting for survival to fullblown complex societies, economically dynamic and
with a tradition of considerable self-government."
•  Despite many initial problems, the English colonies in
the Chesapeake, New England, and Middle colonies
endured and sometimes prospered."
•  They were greatly aided by the large numbers of
migrants from England in the early 17th century."
•  At same time, a mother-child metaphor was widely
used for colonial-imperial relationship. Trouble is builtin: what happens when the child grows up?"
•  All regions faced similar problems and shared
some experiences, such as the decimation of the
Native Americans."
•  New England and the Chesapeake also differed
significantly in many ways such as their basic
goals and outlook, family structure, settlement
patterns, economic development, labor systems
and political institutions."
•  The Middle Colonies were in all aspects-- in
the middle "
•  Next week: process of conflict in the colonies,
increased diversity, and slavery"
"
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