Download AP Psychology Review 7: Motivation and Emotion

AP Psychology Review 7: Motivation and
Emotion
I. Motivation:
Def: The influences that account
for the initiation, direction,
intensity, and persistence of
behavior
EX: In their 40’s or 50’s, many
men go through a mid-life crisis.
Therefore, they may make some
strange decisions based on this
motivation.
II. Motive:
Def: The reason or purpose for a behavior
-This can often be simple to understand, but hard to explain.
III. Instinct Theory:
Def: All behavior can be
explained as being motivated
by automatic, involuntary, and
unlearned responses
EX: I am hungry, so I eat
-Instincts: automatic,
involuntary, and unlearned
responses
IV. Homeostasis:
Def: an organism, like you or
me, will try to maintain
stability and constancy
through continually adjusting
in response to change.
EX: When I go outside when it
is hot, I will begin to sweat in
order to cool down.
V. Drive Reduction Theory:
Def: The theory that
motivation arises from
imbalances in homeostasis
EX: If I become tired after
a long day of teaching, I
may sit down and take a
nap.
VI. Needs:
Def: Something that is
required by biology for us
to be able to survive (ie.
Food, Water, Sleep, School,
etc…)
VII. Drives:
Def: A psychological state of
arousal created by an imbalance
in homeostasis that causes an
organism to take action
-Primary Drive: something that
is a basic need for survival
-Secondary Drive: is created by
operant conditioning of some
sort. In other words, it is
learned
VIII. Arousal Theories:
Def: people are motivated to
behave in a manner that
maintains their optimal
levels of arousal.
EX: If I am out having a
good time with my friends at a
bar, I am more likely to keep
drinking if it will maintain my
arousal.
IX. Incentive Theory:
Def: we behave a certain way
because we want to get
desirable stimuli and avoid
negative stimuli
EX: If I like a girl, and she
likes poetry, I might pretend
to like poetry to get a little
something something…
X. Obesity:
Def: A condition in which a
person is severely overweight as
measured by BMI or another
weight indexing system.
-This can be an extremely
dangerous condition with many
co-morbidities.
XI. Anorexia Nervosa:
Def: An eating disorder in
which a person starves oneself
in order to accomplish dramatic
weight loss and achieve an
unhealthily low weight.
-This is far and away more
dangerous than obesity.
XII. Bulimia Nervosa:
Def: An eating disorder in
which a person eats large
amounts of food then
discharges that food by forced
vomiting or using strong
laxatives in order to maintain an
unhealthy low weight
-This can be incredibly
dangerous
XIII. Sexual Response Cycle:
Def: The pattern of
physiological arousal during and
after sexual activity
EX: Censored!!!
XIV. Sex Hormones:
Def: Chemicals in the blood of
males and females the elicit
motivational and activational
sexual responses and behaviors
-Estrogens: Female only sex
hormones
-Progestins: Male/Female sex
hormones
-Androgens: Male only sex
hormones
XV. Sexual Orientation:
Def: Description of the type
of sexual partner a person in
looking for.
-Heterosexual: Sexual
motivation that is centered on
members of the opposite sex
-Homosexual: Sexual
motivation that is centered on
members of the same sex
-Bisexual: Sexual motivation
that is centered on members
of both sexes
XVI. Subjective Well-Being:
Def: A combination of a
cognitive judgement of
satisfaction with life, the
frequent experiencing of
positive moods and emotions,
and the relatively infrequent
experiencing of unpleasant
moods and emotions.
EX: If I were to live in a nice
country with good wealth and
good health, I should appreciate
that and be somewhat happy.
XVII. Emotion:
Def: A transitory positive or
negative experience that is felt
as happening to the self, is
generated in part by cognitive
appraisal of a situation, and is
accompanied by both learned
and reflexive physical responses.
EX: I come home to find that
my goldfish “Goldie” has died.
If I feel sadness, it would be a
normal response.
XVIII. Sympathetic Nervous System:
Def: The subsystem of the
autonomic nervous system
that usually prepares the
organism for vigorous
activity
-Hormones are released in
order to express emotions
XIX. Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Def: The subsystem of the
autonomic nervous system that
typically influences activity
related to the protection,
nourishment, and growth of
the body.
-Hormones are released in
order to use energy later
XX. Fight or Flight Syndrome:
Def: A physical reaction
instituted by the sympathetic
nervous system in association
with the amygdala that causes
us to fight or run away in a
situation
EX: I am hiking and I see an
aggressive bear.