Download Semester Final Study Guide

Semester Final Study Guide
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Sound is a form of energy carried by _____.
b. vaporization
a. waves
c. condensation
b. particles
10. Ice floats in water because it _____.
c. electric currents
a. does not transfer thermal energy
2. Which factor does NOT determine how much
b. has greater kinetic energy than the water
c. is less dense than liquid water
gravitational potential energy an object has?
a. mass
11. Potential energy is energy that is _____.
b. speed
a. stored
c. height
b. radiant
c. transformed
3. Sound and X-rays are forms of energy that _____.
a. are sensed by the human ear
12. The law of conservation of energy states that
b. are carried by waves
energy can be ______.
c. are part of the particles of matter
a. created
4. A movement of energy from one object to another
b. destroyed
without a change in the form of energy is called
c. transformed
_____.
13. All energy transformations and energy transfers
a. energy transfer
result in the formation of some _____.
b. energy reversal
a. sound energy
c. energy transformation
b. radiant energy
5. In which case is work being done?
c. thermal energy
a. A boy is holding a baseball.
14. Which form of energy is NOT a combination of
b. A baseball is flying through the air.
kinetic and potential energy?
c. A bat hits a baseball to an outfielder
a. electric energy
6. _____ is a nonrenewable resource.
b. thermal energy
c. mechanical energy
a. Biomass
b. Fossil fuel
15. _____ energy is energy stored due to the position of
c. Hydroelectric power
an object.
7. Which statement is NOT part of the kinetic theory?
a. Gravitational potential
a. All matter is made up of particles.
b. Nuclear
b. Particles collide with one another and their
c. Kinetic
container.
16. According to the law of conservation of energy,
c. Particles of matter are locked into permanent
which statement is possible?
positions.
a. Energy is destroyed during an energy transfer.
8. Which object would most likely be made of a
b. The amount of energy available in the universe
material that is a thermal conductor?
never changes.
a. an oven mitt
c. Energy is created during the formation of
b. a winter coat
chemical bonds.
c. a cooking pan
17. When an object moves, its distance and
9. Boiling and evaporation are forms of _____.
displacement are _____.
a. deposition
a. never equal
b. always equal
c. sometimes equal
18. What must be known to find an object’s average
speed?
a. direction and time
b. distance traveled and time
c. displacement and direction
19. If a car drives one full circle on a 5-km circular
track, which combination describes its motion?
a. distance 5 km, displacement 0 km
b. distance 0 km, displacement 0 km
c. distance 5 km, displacement 5 km
20. What is the average speed of a skateboarder who
travels 15 km in 1.5 hours?
a. 22.5 km/h
b. 10.0 km/h
c. 7.5 km/h
21. Which factor is NOT a characteristic of forces?
a. size
b. speed
c. direction
22. Which factor is a contact force?
a. gravity
b. applied force
c. electrical force
23. Which two characteristics do all forces have?
a. direction and speed
b. motion and size
c. size and direction
24. Which is an example of a noncontact force?
a. elastic force
b. electric force
c. normal force
25. According to Newton’s first law, what happens to
an object at rest if the net force acting on the object
is 0°N?
a. It remains at rest.
b. It begins moving at a constant speed.
c. It begins accelerating at a constant rate.
26. Which factor is NOT a part of Newton’s second
law?
a. force
b. speed
c. acceleration
27. According to Newton’s third law, the two forces in
a force pair act _____.
a. on the same object
b. with the same force
c. in the same direction
28. If an object is not accelerating, you can be sure that
_____.
a. its speed is 0 m/s
b. it has a mass of 0 kg
c. the net force acting on it is 0°N
29. Newton’s second law of motion states that _____.
a. acceleration = force - mass
b. acceleration = force + mass
c.
acceleration =
30. Which object has no net force acting on it?
a. an object moving at an increasing speed in a
circle
b. an object moving at a constant speed in a
straight line
c. an object moving at an increasing speed in a
straight line
31. Why do the two forces in a force pair not cancel
one another out?
a. They act on different objects.
b. They act in the same direction.
c. They act at different times.
32. Which object is being acted on by unbalanced
forces?
a. an object that is at rest
b. an object that has a constant speed and
direction
c. an object that has a curved path and constant
speed
33. An object’s velocity gives which two pieces of
information?
a. its speed and its direction
b. its distance and its displacement
c. its acceleration and its mass
34. Which unit is used to measure the forces that act on
objects?
a. meter
b. kilogram
c. newton
35. How could the force of gravity between two objects
be decreased?
a. increase the distance between them
b. decrease their surface areas
c. add to their masses
36. You push on an object for 3 seconds. During those
3 seconds, the object moves 0.65 m. After you stop
pushing, the object moves another 0.20 m. Which
distance should you use to calculate work?
a. 0.20 m
b. 0.65 m
c. 0.85 m
37. Lifting an object in the air increases the _____
energy of the object.
a. kinetic
b. potential
c. kinetic and potential
38. Which equation is used to calculate power?
a. work/time
b. force × distance
c. weight × height
39. What must occur for work to be done?
a. heat
b. motion
c. pushing
40. A machine converts input work to _____.
a. input force
b. output work
c. potential energy
41. Which statement represents one of the three ways
that a machine can make work easier to do?
a. It changes the work needed.
b. It changes the direction of force.
c. It changes the distance of input power.
42. A machine that has an output force that is equal to
the input force has a mechanical advantage _____.
a. greater than 1
b. equal to 1
c. less than 1
43. Which machine makes work easier by increasing
the output force?
a. a pulley
b. a crowbar
c. a leaf rake
44. Which object is NOT a simple machine?
a. screw
b. bicycle
c. wheel and axle
45. A wheelbarrow is an example of a _____.
a. first-class lever
b. third-class lever
c. second-class lever
46. How do you increase the ideal mechanical
advantage of an inclined plane?
a. increase the length and increase the height
b. decrease the length and increase the height
c. increase the length and decrease the height
47. How do you determine the efficiency of a
compound machine?
a. Add the efficiencies of the simple machines
that make up the compound machine.
b. Multiply the efficiencies of the simple
machines that make up the compound machine.
c. Determine the efficiency of the least efficient
simple machine that makes up the compound
machine.
48. Which distance do you measure to determine how
much work was done on an object that has been
moved?
a. vertical distance
b. distance in the direction of motion
c. all distance against gravity
49. If the input work to a machine is 100 J and the
output work is 75 J, what is the efficiency of the
machine?
a. 175 percent
b. 75 percent
c. 125 percent
50. Any topographic feature of Earth’s crust is called
a(n) _____.
a. contour
b. landform
c. elevation
51. Plains are landforms with _____.
a. low elevation and low relief
b. high elevation and low relief
c. high elevation and high relief
52. Plateaus are landforms with _____.
a. low elevation and low relief
b. high elevation and low relief
c. high elevation and high relief
53. The change in elevation in an area is called _____.
a. relief
b. contour
c. topography
54. The Himalayas and Appalachians are _____.
a. plains
b. plateaus
c. mountains
55. The height of land above sea level is also called
_____.
a. relief
b. elevation
c. topography
56. More than 70 percent of Earth’s surface is covered
by _____.
a. plains
b. oceans
c. plateaus
57. Which substance is a part of Earth’s geosphere?
a. air
b. rocks
c. oceans
58. Which combination lists Earth’s layers from the
surface to the center?
a. crust, mantle, inner core, outer core
b. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
c. mantle, crust, outer core, inner core
59. Which factor is greater at Earth’s core than on its
surface?
a. erosion
b. pressure
c. elevation
60. Which layer of Earth is the least dense?
a. crust
b. outer core
c. inner core
61. Which activity is an example of an interaction
between the hydrosphere and the geosphere?
a. plants taking in carbon dioxide
b. water eroding an underground cave
c. water evaporating into the atmosphere
62. Which combination lists Earth’s layers from least
dense to most dense?
a. core, crust, mantle
b. crust, mantle, core
c. core, mantle, crust
63. How does pressure change as you move from
Earth’s crust to its core?
a. It increases and then decreases.
b. It decreases.
c. It increases.
Matching
Match each term with the correct definitions below. Not all terms are used.
a. radiant energy
e. electric energy
b. sound energy
f. thermal energy
c. nuclear energy
g. mechanical energy
d. kinetic energy
h. chemical energy
1. energy due to motion
4. the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy
in a system
2. energy stored in and released from the nucleus of
an atom
5. the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy
of the particles that make up an object
3. energy stored in and released from the bonds
between atoms
6. the energy carried by electromagnetic waves
Match each term with the correct definitions below.
a. conduction
b. convection
c. radiation
7. the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic
waves
8. the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of
particles from one part of a material to another
9. the transfer of thermal energy due to collisions
between particles of matter
Match each term with the correct definitions below. Not all terms are used.
a. conduction
e. deposition
b. vaporization
f. radiation
c. heat
g. conductor
d. convection
10. the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic
13. the movement of thermal energy from a region of
waves
higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
11. the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of
particles from one part of a material to another
12. the transfer of thermal energy due to collisions
between particles of matter
14. the change of state from a liquid to a gas
15. the type of material through which thermal energy
moves quickly
Match each term with the correct definitions below.
a. geothermal energy
c. nuclear energy
b. hydroelectric energy
d. fossil fuel
16. renewable source of energy that uses thermal
18. renewable source of energy that uses potential
energy from inside Earth
energy of elevated water
17. nonrenewable source of energy that uses energy
stored within atoms
19. nonrenewable source of energy that uses chemical
energy stored millions of years ago within the cells
of living organisms
Match each term with the correct definitions below. Not all terms are used.
a. distance
e. displacement
b. speed
f. acceleration
c. reference point
g. motion
d. velocity
20. the starting point used to describe the motion or
23. the process of changing position
position of an object
24. the distance an object moves divided by the time it
took to move that distance
21. the total length of the path of a moving object
22. the distance between a moving object’s final
position and its starting position
25. the measure of how quickly the velocity of an
object changes
Match each term with the correct description below. Not all terms are used.
a. power
f. screw
b. wedge
g. wheel and axle
c. work
h. pulley
d. mechanical advantage
i. inclined plane
e. efficiency
26. A simple machine made up of a grooved wheel
30. the ratio of the output force exerted to the input
with a rope or cable wrapped around it.
force applied
27. the transfer of energy to an object by a force that
makes an object move in the direction of the force
28. a sloped surface that moves
29. the rate at which work is done
31. the ratio of the output work to the input work
32. an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
33. a flat, sloped surface
Match each term with the correct description below.
a. hydrosphere
f. sphere
b. crust
g. biosphere
c. outer layer
h. atmosphere
d. solar nebula
i. diameter
e. density
j. gravity
34. includes soil, sediments, and rocks
40. property that affected the formation of Earth’s
35. a mixture of many gases
layers
36. general shape of Earth
41. Earth’s is almost 13,000 km.
37. You are a part of this.
42. The solar system formed from it.
38. all water on Earth
43. the least dense part of the geosphere
39. force responsible for Earth’s formation and shape
Match each term with the correct description below.
a. asthenosphere
d. lithosphere
b. crust
e. mantle
c. inner core
f. outer core
44. made of iron crystals
47. flows like a soft plastic
45. the thinnest layer of Earth
48. made of liquid metal
46. includes the crust and rigid upper mantle
49. the thickest layer of Earth
Match each term with the correct description below.
a. topography
e. outer core
b. plain
f. lithosphere
c. density
g. asthenosphere
d. mountain
h. inner core
50. area with high elevation and high relief
53. composed of Earth’s crust and upper mantle
51. greater in the core than in the crust
54. part of the Earth that flows like plastic
52. This and relief describe landforms.
55. very dense, liquid part of Earth’s interior
Short Answer
1. Restate the law of conservation of energy in your
own words.
4. Identify two forms of energy carried by waves.
2. Contrast an open system and a closed system.
5. Identify two ways that unbalanced forces can affect
an object’s motion.
3. List three examples of renewable energy resources.
6. State a situation that illustrates inertia.
13. Calculate an object’s acceleration if its mass is 3.2
kg and the force acting on it is 28.8°N.
7. Identify two objects or situations to which
Newton’s laws of motion do not apply.
14. Explain why the forces in an action-reaction force
pair are not balanced forces.
8. Classify friction as a contact force or a noncontact
force. Explain.
15. You push on an object for 3 seconds with a force of
2 N. During those 3 seconds, the object moves 0.65
m. After you stop pushing, the object moves
another 0.20 m. Calculate the work done on the
object.
9. Restate Newton’s second law in your own words.
16. Describe the two ways in which the energy of an
object is changed when it is lifted into the air.
10. List two phrases that describe the characteristics of
the size and direction of the forces in the force pairs
described in Newton’s third law.
17. Calculate the power used to move an object 2.0 m
using 3 N of force over 1.5 seconds.
11. Compare and contrast friction and gravity.
12. Deduce what information about an object’s motion
you would need in order to infer whether the forces
acting on it are balanced or unbalanced.
18. You push on an object for several seconds with as
much force as you can muster, but the object does
not move. Explain whether you have you
performed work on the object.
19. Describe how a machine changes input force and
input work.
20. List the three ways in which a machine can make
work easier to do.
21. List six types of simple machines.
22. Describe how temperature and pressure change
within Earth’s layers.
23. Identify two mountainous regions in the United
States.
24. Explain what elevation measures.
25. All Earth’s systems interact. Describe how a plant
that is part of the biosphere relies on the
hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere to survive.
26. Analyze the role that density played in the
formation of Earth’s layers.
Semester Final Study Guide
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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11.
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31.
32.
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34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
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40.
41.
A
B
B
A
C
B
C
C
B
C
A
C
C
C
A
B
C
B
A
B
B
B
C
B
A
B
B
C
C
B
A
C
A
C
A
B
C
A
B
B
B
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
B
B
A
B
A
C
B
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
C
MATCHING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
D
C
H
G
F
A
7. C
8. B
9. A
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
F
D
A
C
B
G
16.
17.
18.
19.
A
C
B
D
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
C
A
E
G
B
F
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
H
C
B
A
D
E
F
I
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
B
H
F
G
A
J
E
I
D
C
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
C
B
D
A
F
E
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
D
C
A
F
G
E
SHORT ANSWER
1. Possible answer: Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can change from one kind to another.
2. In an open system, matter and energy are exchanged with the environment, but in a closed system matter and
energy are not exchanged with the environment.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Students should list three of the following: solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass.
Sound energy and radiant energy are carried by waves.
Unbalanced forces can change a moving object’s speed or direction.
Possible answer: Inertia is illustrated when a car stops quickly and its passengers continue to move forward until
they are stopped by their seatbelts.
Newton’s laws do not apply to the motions of atoms, electrons, or objects that approach the speed of light.
Friction is a contact force because it acts only between objects that are touching.
Possible answer: When a force is exerted on an object, the acceleration of the object is related to the object’s mass
and the size of the force.
equal in size, opposite in direction
Sample answer: Friction and gravity are similar because both are forces that act on objects. They are different
because friction is a contact force and gravity is a noncontact force.
Sample answer: I would need to know whether the object’s speed or direction of motion was changing. If the
motion is changing, then unbalanced forces are acting on it. If the motion is unchanging, balanced forces are acting
on it.
9 m/s2
Action-reaction forces are not balanced forces because the two forces in a force pair act on different objects. For
forces to be balanced, they must act on the same object.
You use the distance moved during the application of the force. Therefore, 0.65 × 2.0 = 1.3 N • m or 1.3 J.
It increases the kinetic energy and increases the potential energy of the object.
17. work = force × distance = 3 × 2 = 6; power =
=
=4W
18. No; for work to occur, there must be motion.
19. A machine converts an input force into an output force. Input work done to a machine causes movement. In turn,
the machine causes output work in the form of movement.
20. Change the size of a force; Change the direction of a force; Change the distance over which a force acts.
21. lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley.
22. Temperature increases with depth along a smooth curving line. Pressure also increases with depth beneath the
surface, but it increases in a more linear way.
23. Two mountainous regions in the United States are the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains.
24. Elevation measures the height above sea level.
25. Students should reason that a plant needs the gases in the atmosphere to live and make food. It needs to take in
water from the hydrosphere. The plant also grows in soil of the geosphere from which it draws nutrients.
26. When Earth first formed, it was a large mixture of solid particles. As increased pressure caused Earth’s interior
temperatures to rise, the materials melted and began to flow. At this point, particles of different densities separated
into different layers. The densest materials sank and formed the deepest layer of Earth. The least dense materials
stayed in layers closest to the surface.