Download Packet 7

Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 23.1A (Read and study text pages 455-459)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
5c Students know the origin and effects of temperature inversions.
7a … the carbon cycle of photosynthesis and respiration and the nitrogen cycle.
7b … the global carbon cycle: the different physical and forms of carbon in the atmosphere, oceans, biomass, fossil fuels, and the movement of carbon among these reservoirs.
7c … the movement of matter among reservoirs is driven by Earth’s internal and external sources of energy.
7d* … the relative residence times and flow characteristics of carbon in and out of its different reservoirs.
8a … the thermal structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere.
8b … how the composition of Earth’s atmosphere has evolved over geologic time and know the effect of outgassing, the variations of carbon dioxide concentration, and the origin of
atmospheric oxygen.
8c … the location of the ozone layer, its role in absorbing ultraviolet radiation, and the way in which this layer varies both naturally and in response to human activities.
1d. Air (the atmosphere) is a mixture of
__________________________ & ______________.
1e. List the 3 most abundant elements in the
atmosphere.
1a. What is the atmosphere?
1b. The study of the atmosphere is called:
______________________________________
1c. What is the difference between weather and
climate?
1f. What are the 2 most abundant compounds?
____________________ & ____________________
2d. What percent of
2c. At the same time that
2a. Water vapor varies 2b. Most water vapor
water is being added to the water vapor is in moist
comes from _________.
depending on location,
air?_______%
atmosphere, it is being
and time of day/year.
Dry air? ________ %
removed by:
What process adds water Plants give off water
Composition is usually
___________________&
vapor during:
vapor to the air?
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________ given for _______ air.
3a. Where is ozone?
3d. Why is ozone important?
3b. What is the chemical formula for ozone?
3e. List 3 things that can destroy the ozone layer.
(hint: Animals breathe O2)
3c. Ozone is a form of _______________.
4. Define atmospheric dust:
Do the relative amounts of gases in the
atmosphere change? ______
5a. What processes remove oxygen from the air?
List 4 factors that can contribute dust to the atmosphere:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Draw the oxygen-carbon cycle.
(COLOR and LABEL)
5b. What processes produce oxygen?
5c. What processes produce CO2?
5d. What processes use CO2?
Draw the nitrogen cycle.
6a. How is nitrogen removed from the air?
(COLOR and LABEL)
6b. How do we get the nitrogen that is in our bodies?
6c. How is the nitrogen returned to the soil?
6d. How is the nitrogen returned back to the air?
How does atmospheric pressure change with
altitude?
7a. Where are most of Earth’s gases found? Why?
7b. Define atmospheric pressure:
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 23.1B (Read and study text pages 459-462)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
5c Students know the origin and effects of temperature inversions.
7a … the carbon cycle of photosynthesis and respiration and the nitrogen cycle.
7b … the global carbon cycle: the different physical and forms of carbon in the atmosphere, oceans, biomass, fossil fuels, and the movement of carbon among these reservoirs.
7c … the movement of matter among reservoirs is driven by Earth’s internal and external sources of energy.
7d* … the relative residence times and flow characteristics of carbon in and out of its different reservoirs. 8a … the thermal structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere.
8b … how the composition of Earth’s atmosphere has evolved over geologic time and know the effect of outgassing, the variations of carbon dioxide concentration, and the origin of
atmospheric oxygen.
8c … the location of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, its role in absorbing ultraviolet radiation, and the way in which this layer varies both naturally and in response to human
activities.
1a. As you increase in altitude, what happens to
pressure?
1b. The atmosphere is not divided based on pressure
changes, however it is divided based on
________________________ changes.
1c. Based on these changes, scientists have
identified __________ layers in our atmosphere.
3. The second layer up is the __________________
This layer contains almost all of the _____________.
Temperature increases as altitude _______________.
What causes this layer to warm up?
5a . The top layer is called the
______________________________
Temperature increases as altitude _______________.
What causes this layer to warm up?
2. The first layer is the _____________________.
It’s the closest to the Earth’s _________________.
It comes from a Greek word meaning ___________.
It is where the most _________________ occurs.
Temperature decreases as altitude ______________.
This layer is warmed by the (sun / earth’s surface).
4. The 3rd layer up is the _____________________
Temperature decreases as altitude ______________.
This layer is the ________________ layer in the
atmosphere.
The boundary between ALL layers is based on a
change in _________________________.
5b. Why can’t a thermometer be used to measure the
temperature of the thermosphere?
5c. What’s the highest temperature recorded in the
thermosphere? __________________
6. The THERMOSPHERE is split into 2 regions. The lower region of the thermosphere is called the
___________________________, while the upper region is called the _____________________________
8. List 2 sources of air pollution.
7. Define air pollution.
List some examples.
List 4 things that can be added to the air by driving to
work/school.
9a. How does acid precipitation form?
9b. What are some side effects of acid precipitation?
What causes it?
10a. Describe temperature
inversion:
10b. Draw a diagram of
NORMAL atmospheric
conditions.
How does topography make this
condition worse in LA?
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10c. Draw a diagram of
INVERTED atmospheric
conditions.
Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 23.2B (Read and study text pages 465-468)
SOLAR ENERGY AND THE ATMOSPHERE
4b Students know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflection, absorption, and photosynthesis
4c … the different atmospheric gases that absorb the Earth’s thermal radiation and the mechanism and significance of the greenhouse effect.
5a … how differential heating of Earth results in circulation patterns in the atmosphere and oceans that globally distribute the heat.
6c … how Earth’s climate has changed over time, corresponding to changes in Earth’s geography, atmospheric composition, and other factors, such as solar radiation and plate movement.
6d* … how computer models are used to predict the effects of the increase in greenhouse gases on climate for the planet as a whole and for specific regions.
1. Scattering is the _________________ of sunlight caused by
_____________ droplets and __________ that is suspended in the air.
What things in the atmosphere can scatter radiation from the sun?
Scattering makes the sky appear _____________.
Why does the sun look red during sunset?
Draw and Label Fig. 23-9 Color and
write in percentages.
2. When solar energy reaches the Earth’s surface, that surface either
___________________ the solar energy or ____________________ it.
Using table 23-1, what surface is the most reflective? ____________
Least reflective? ______________
List 4 surfaces that absorb the most solar radiation.
3. How much of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth’s
atmosphere is either reflected of scattered? ________________
4. The solar radiation that is not reflected is ____________________.
Which wavelengths from the sun are absorbed by the Earth?
Draw and color Figure 23-11
How do rocks and soil produce their own heat (infrared rays)?
Infrared rays produced by heated objects on Earth have much
_________________ wavelengths and hence get absorbed by
_____________________ & _____________________ in the air.
5d. Is the greenhouse effect a bad thing? EXPLAIN
5a. What is the greenhouse effect?
5b. What happens as a result of the greenhouse
5e. In what way are humans accelerating the GHE?
effect?
5c. What type of energy is prevented from leaving
the atmosphere?
6. Depending on where you live, your daily and yearly temperatures can vary (Ex. Hawaii vs. Alaska).
What is the primary factor that determines how warm a place gets? _______________________
Where are average temperatures highest?____________________ They receive (direct / indirect) sun rays.
People that live close to the poles receive (direct / indirect) sun rays therefore it is ___________________.
Elevation also affects temperature. As you go up a mountain it gets ____________________.
Why does it get colder as you go up in altitude?
Why do the deserts have drastic changes in daily temperatures?
People that live close to large bodies of water have less drastic temperature changes (moderate temps).
WHY?
Winds also affect the temperature of an area. Explain HOW.
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Reading Guide: Chapters 13.1 (Read and study text pages 243-246)
THE WATER CYCLE
7c Students know the movement of matter among reservoirs is driven by Earth’s internal and external sources of energy.
9c Students know the importance of water to society, the origins of California’s fresh water, and the relationship between supply and need.
6a Students know weather (in the short run) & climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of energy into & out of the atmosphere
1. Describe the hydrologic cycle (water cycle)?
2. Define each for the water cycle:
a. Evaporation:
d. Runoff:
e. Groundwater:
Evaporation is how water enters the ______
b. Transpiration:
f. Condensation:
Transpiration comes from ______________.
c. Evapotranspiration:
g. Precipitation:
3a. When water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it
expands and ________________. As the water
vapor becomes cooler it ______________________
and thus a ___________________ is formed.
3e. Diagram, COLOR & label each step in the water
cycle (fig. 13-1, p 243)
3b. What percentage of all precipitation falls into
the oceans? ___________%
3c. Where does the remaining 25% go? _________
__________________________________________
3d. Where does all water essentially return to?
________________________________
4a. Define Water Budget:
4d. Why is the water budget of the Earth balanced?
4b. What’s the income for the water budget?
4e. What is a local water budget?
4c. What are the expenses?
4f. Is the local water budget (lwb) usually balanced?
5. List 5 things that could affect an areas lwb?
6. Would streams (runoff) transport more water in
the warmer months (summer) or the cooler months
(winter)? Explain!!!!
7. List 5 things we use water for.
8. What is the greatest amount of water used for?
_________________________________
9. List 3 ways YOU could CONSERVE water.
10. Define desalination.
Could this be useful for San Diego?
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Reading Guide Chapter 24.1 (Read and Study text pages 479-483)
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
6a Students know weather (in the short run) & climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of energy into & out of the atmosphere
1. Describe Water vapor=
What other two forms can water take in the atmosphere?
a. _______________ & b. ______________
Is water vapor a GAS or a LIQUID?
2. How does water change from one state to
another?
3. sublimation:
4. deposition:
__a. liquid
1. has a definite volume, takes on the
shape of its container
2. molecules are densely packed,
definite volume & shape
3. molecules moving rapidly, no definite
shape or volume
Summary: (Use: “absorbs heat” or “releases heat”)
When ice melts (is heated) it _______________ (or takes
in) energy.
__c. gas
When water freezes (cools) it _______________(or gives
off) energy.
Complete these statements about water entering the atmosphere: (p. 480)
a. Most water enters the atmosphere by __________________________
b. Water absorbs heat energy from the ______________
c. The heat causes molecules of water to evaporate and become water ________________.
d. Why does this process occur mainly at the equator? __________________________________________
e. The principal source of atmospheric moisture are the __________________.
6b. When is latent heat absorbed (stored)?
6a. latent heat =
__b. solid
6c. When is latent heat released?
7. humidity:
8. saturated air:
10. (Warm / Cool) air can hold more water vapor. Explain why this is true.
11a. What is dew point ?
11b. How is dew point reached?
12a. Explain how dew forms.
12b. Explain how frost forms.
Summary Questions:
1. What is the principal source of water vapor in the atmosphere of the earth? _______________
2. What terms describes the temperature at which air reaches its saturation point? ____________
3. How does change of temperature affect relative humidity? ____________________________
4. Frost forms when the dew point drops below __________________________.
5. Why is it more humid by the beach than it is in the desert?
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Reading Guide Chapter 24.2 (Read and Study text pages 484-488)
CLOUDS AND FOG
2. Clouds can be made out of tiny droplets of water or
1. What is a cloud (or fog)?
___________.
Clouds and form at any _____________________.
What do they originate from?
4. Describe condensation nuclei:
3. In order for water vapor to condense, what has to
be present? _____________________________
So, clouds are made out of:
a) water
b) gas
c) ice
d) a & c
5. Cloud Formation: list the processes & requirements necessary to make a cloud:
a. A solid surface or _______________________ _______________ is necessary for the water vapor
molecule to attach itself to.
b. _____________ ______________ are formed as water molecules become attached to these tiny particles, and
become visible in the air as clouds.
c. In order for clouds to form the air must be _____________________.
d. For this to occur the air temperature has to reach it’s __________ _____________.
6. The air temperature must decrease (get colder) in order to reach the dew point. This can occur in 4 ways.
A. Convective cooling:
C. Temperature Changes:
B. Forceful Lifting:
D. Advective Cooling:
Which of the following ways listed above is most likely responsible for the Encinitas “marine layer?” (June Gloom) ______________
6a. Most clouds form by what process?
6b. Describe and define Condensation Level:
7a. Clouds are classified by their ________________ and ____________________.
7b. What are the 3 altitude groups? ____________________, ____________________, __________________
8a. “Stratus” means: ___________ 8b. “Cumulus” means: _________ 8c. “Cirro” means: ____________
or ________________.
or _____________________
Describe what they look like.
The base of stratus clouds is (low /
Describe what cumulus clouds look
high).
Where do they form?
like.
“Nimbo” means: ____________
What are 2 types of stratus clouds?
They are typically made up of
When do they form?
________ ______________.
Long, thin clouds are called:
What’s another name for “cumulWhich type forms at middle
___________________________
altitudes? ____________________ onimbus?” __________________
How does advection fog
How does radiation fog
How does upslope fog
How does steam fog
form?
form?
form?
form?
Reading Guide 24.3: Read text pages 489-490
PRECIPITATION
9. What is precipitation?
The four types of precipitation are: a. _________ b. _________ c. _________ d. _________
10. What is the difference between sleet, glaze ice and snow?
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Carbon Cycle Questions
1. How abundant is carbon in our universe?
2. What is organic matter made of?
3. Carbon cycles through which of earth’s systems?
4. Why is carbon important in the atmosphere?
5. What would happen if carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased? Decreased?
6. Where is most carbon stored?
7. How does carbon in rocks enter the atmosphere (list 2 ways)? The hydrosphere (1)?
8. What is the 2nd most abundant source of carbon?
9. More carbon dioxide can enter the ocean when the water is ( colder / warmer ).
10. How do marine organisms use carbon (list 2 ways)?
11. Describe photosynthesis.
12. Describe respiration.
13. Respiration and _________ are two important ways that carbon is transferred from
the biosphere to the atmosphere.
14. How is carbon from fossil fuels released into the atmosphere?
15. How has human activities affected the carbon cycle?
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
The Greenhouse Effect
Questions:
1. Describe the greenhouse effect in 3 short sentences.
2. Why do we need the greenhouse effect?
3. What are the greenhouse gasses? (Paragraph 2 pg 436)
4. Read Box 16.3 on pg. 558. Copy the table below onto your paper & fill in.
Greenhouse gas
Where does it come from?
What is its effect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Problems?
1. Read section- “Possible Consequences of a Greenhouse Warming”- pg 559
2. Fill in the table with 3 possible effects of an “increased greenhouse effect”.
What would happen?
How would this effect earth?
1.
2.
3.
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Studying the Water Cycle
Falling drops of rain, the formation of clouds, moving water in a stream, and evaporation are parts of a
series of events that occur over and over in an endless cycle. There are many cycles in nature that
affect our lives; however, these particular events are all parts of the water cycle.
Description
Process
Color
Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Runoff
Precipitation
Purple
Green
Red
Yellow
Blue
Process by which liquid water changes to water vapor
Process by which water evaporates from the leaves of plants
Process by which water vapor changes to liquid water
Process by which water flows over the surface of the ground
Process by which water, in any form, falls from the atmosphere
When precipitation, in the form of water, falls to the earth's surface, three things can happen to it. It
can run off, evaporate / transpire back into the atmosphere, or soak into the earth's surface.
Approximately 64 percent of the water that falls either evaporates or transpires and about 25 percent
runs off. What percentage of the precipitation soaks in?_______________
Correctly complete the following diagram using the terms from the list of processes.
Evaporation and transpiration are the only two processes
that return water to the atmosphere. Since oceans cover
approximately 70 percent of the earth's surface, explain
why evaporation places more water vapor into the
atmosphere than transpiration.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
About 99 percent of the earth's water supply is either in
the salty oceans or frozen in the form of ice or snow.
Only about 1 percent of the water on the earth is in a
form that people can use. Explain how the water cycle is
important in providing a supply of fresh water.
_____________________________________________
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
How High are the Clouds?
The gas laws help to explain cloud formation. The volume of a gas increases when pressure is decreased,
which is what happens to air at high altitudes. As rising air expands, it releases heat. The drop in the
temperature of the rising air is called adiabatic cooling. If air reaches a certain temperature, the
water vapor in it condenses around particles of salt or dust, called condensation nuclei, to form clouds.
The water vapor changes phase from a gas to a liquid.
*Air contains 35% water vapor
1. For every 1000 meters of elevation in altitude, the air temperature drops 5°C. Fill in the above table
appropriately (decreasing 5º for every 1000m altitude increase).
2. Circle each 20°C temperature on the table. When the air contains 35 % water, the temperature
at which condensation and cloud formation occurs is 20°C.
3. On the graph paper below, graph the following information:
a. x-axis = ground surface temperatures (ºC) (25°C -45°C)
b. y-axis = altitude (m) (0 – 5000m)
4. Place a dot at the altitude at which condensation occurs for each of the different surface
temperatures (25º, 30º, 35º, etc.)
5. Connect the dots you plotted.
Analysis and Conclusion1. What is the altitude of the clouds when the air temperature on the ground is 35º; 45°C?
2. What is the altitude of the clouds when the air temperature on the ground is 42.5º?
3. What is the temperature of the air on the ground if the cloud above it is 3500m?
4. Describe the curve on your graph.
5. What does the curve on the graph tell you about the height of the clouds on warm days?
6. At what altitude do you think the clouds would form during cool weather? Why?
7. Boyle's law states that the volume of a given amount of gas increases as the pressure on it decreases.
Boyle's law explains why rising air expands, now explain how this applies to cloud formation.
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Name: ______________________________________________________________ Date: _______________ Per: __________ Teacher : ______________________
Hail In a Test Tube
Background Information
Every year hail does millions of dollars worth of damage to property. A hailstorm in Denver in 1984
lasted for an hour and a half, causing over 350 million dollars of damage. Whole fields of crops have
been wiped out by a single hailstorm. In the United States alone, hail causes over 350 million dollars of
damage annually to crops. Hailstones can be as small as a pea, but stones larger than baseballs have also
been recorded. The largest hailstone ever recorded fell in Kansas and was 14 cm in diameter, which is
about the size of a softball.
Why does hail occur in some storms but not in others? Specific conditions must be present for hail to
occur. In this activity you will investigate two of these conditions.
Procedure
Data Table
Trial
Temperature (oC)
1
2
Observations
1. Fill the beaker three-quarters full with equal amounts of ice and cold water.
2. Pour enough salt into the beaker so that after stirring, you can still see salt on the bottom.
3. Get a clean test tube. Making sure that no dust or dirt is inside the test tube. Fill the test tube
with cold water so that the level of water in the test tube is the same as the level of water in the
beaker.
4. Put the thermometer in the BEAKER. Then put the test tube in the beaker (see Figure above).
5. Allow these to sit for ten minutes, stirring inside the beaker occasionally with the stirring rod. Stir
gently to avoid breaking the thermometer.
6. At the end of ten minutes, remove the thermometer and record the temperature for Trial 1.
7. Remove the test tube and immediately drop a small piece of crushed ice into it. Record your
observations in the Data Table.
8. Empty the test tube and repeat steps 2 through 7. Record your data for Trial 2.
Questions/Conclusions
1. What is the freezing point of water in °C?
2. What was the temperature of the water in the test tube at the end of ten minutes? (Assume that
the temperature of the water in the test tube is the same as the water in the beaker.)
3. What happened when the piece of ice was dropped into the test tube?
4. The water in the test tube was below fresh water's freezing point before the piece of ice was
inserted. Why do you think that the water did not freeze before the ice was inserted?
5. From this activity, what are at least two conditions that must be present for hail to form?
6. Why was it important to clean the test tube so well before you used it for this activity?
Activity from: NSTA-PROJECT EARTH SCIENCE METEOROLOGY
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