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688 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
Chapter 11 Quick Quiz
1. Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
a. deviant behavior.
b. sociology.
c. social influence.
d. groups.
3. What concept may be represented by the story of the “boogey man”?
a. Superstitions
b. Rural myths
c. Urban legends
d. Collective delusions
om
2.The need to belong theory suggests that humans have a(n) __________ need for interpersonal connections.
a. cognitive
b. emotional
c. biological
d. social
ly.
c
4. The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is known as
a. conformity.
b. groupthink.
c. mass hysteria.
d. attribution.
bo
ok
5. Which concept best exemplifies the freedom most students experience on a “road trip”?
a. Conformity
b. Deindividuation
c. Social exuberance
d. Escape from reality
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6.The emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking is called
a. deindividuation.
b. conformity.
c. obedience.
d. groupthink.
7. What do the following examples represent? Taking out the garbage, raising your hand in class, and buckling your
seatbelt.
a. Conformity
b. Conditioning
c. Obligations
d. Obedience
8. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Human nature is basically good.
b. Human nature is generally bad.
c. Human nature is a combination of both socially constructive and destructive tendencies.
d. Human nature exhibits either prosocial behavior or antisocial behavior but not both.
9. Helping others for unselfish reasons is called
a. altruism.
b. egoism.
c. situationalism.
d. influentialism.
10. Which heuristic makes us more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times?
a. The availability heuristic
b. The recognition heuristic
c. The memory heuristic
d. The monitor heuristic
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 689
Chapter 11 Quick Quiz Answers
1. Chapter Section: What Is Social Psychology?
Answer: d
Page(s): 378
Type: Conceptual
Diff: 1
Rationale: Social psychology is the study of how people influence others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes.
2. Chapter Section: Humans as a Social Species
Answer: c
Page(s): 379
Type: Conceptual
Diff: 2
Rationale: According to Baumeister and Leary’s theory, humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal
connections.
4. Chapter Section: Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Answer: a
Page(s): 383
Type: Factual
Rationale: This is a factual question.
om
3. Chapter Section: Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Answer: c
Page(s): 382
Type: Applied
Diff: 3
Rationale: Urban legends are false stories that are repeated so many times that people believe them to be true.
Diff: 1
ok
6. Chapter Section: Groupthink
Answer: d
Page(s): 387
Rationale: This is a factual question.
ly.
c
5. Chapter Section: Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Answer: b
Page(s): 384
Type: Applied
Diff: 3
Rationale: Deindividuation refers to the tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual
identities.
Type: Factual
Diff: 2
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bo
7. Chapter Section: Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Answer: d
Page(s): 389
Type: Applied
Diff: 3
Rationale: Obedience demands that we take our orders from a higher authority.
8. Chapter Section: Helping and Harming Others: Prosocial Behavior and Aggression
Answer: c
Page(s): 394
Type: Conceptual
Diff: 2
Rationale: Human nature rarely falls neatly into good or bad extremes.
9. Chapter Section: Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Answer: a
Page(s): 397
Type: Factual
Rationale: This is a factual question.
10. Chapter Section: Origins of Attitudes
Answer: b
Page(s): 401
Rationale: This is a factual question.
Type: Factual
Diff: 1
Diff: 2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
690 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
Chapter 11: Social Psychology
Multiple Choice
ly.
c
om
11.1-1. Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
a. deviant behavior.
b. sociology.
c. social influence.
d. groups.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-1
Page Ref:
378
Topic:
What Is Social Psychology?
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: d. groups.
Rationale: Social psychology is the study of how people influence others’ behavior, beliefs, and
attitudes.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
11.1-2. __________ psychology is referred to as the study of how people influence others’ behaviors.
a. Social
b. Interpersonal
c. Popular
d. Humanistic
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-2
Page Ref:
378
Topic:
What Is Social Psychology?
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: a. Social
11.1-3. According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the
a. need for friends theory.
b. need for intimacy theory.
c. need for interpersonal interactions theory.
d. need to belong theory.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-3
Page Ref:
379
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: d. need to belong theory.
Rationale: According to the need to belong theory, we have a biologically based need for interpersonal
connections and suffer negative psychological and physical consequences without them.
% correct 45
a = 4 b = 20 c = 31 d = 45
r = .23
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 691
om
11.1-4. The need to belong theory suggests that humans have a(n) __________ need for interpersonal
connections.
a. cognitive
b. emotional
c. biological
d. social
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-4
Page Ref:
379
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: c. biological
Rationale: According to Baumeister and Leary’s theory, humans have a biologically based need for
interpersonal connections.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-5. Which theory is validated by the fact that research on stress suggests that close family ties and
meaningful relationships are buffers to illness?
a. Need to belong theory
b. Social cohesion theory
c. Social contact theory
d. Need to fit in theory
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-5
Page Ref:
379
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: a. Need to belong theory
Rationale: We have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections.
11.1-6. It’s Saturday morning and your mom tells you that until you are finished raking the yard, you cannot
go over to your friend’s house. What might help you finish this job faster?
a. If you use extra large bags to put the leaves in
b. If you ask your sister to watch you rake
c. If you listen to your iPod while raking
d. If you use two rakes instead of one
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-6
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: b. If you ask your sister to watch you rake
Rationale: Social facilitation can enhance performance.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
692 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
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11.1-7. Most marathon runners train alone yet run their best times during actual races. What phenomenon best
explains this observation?
a. Social disruption
b. Bystander effects
c. Social facilitation
d. Social boostering
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-7
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: c. Social facilitation
Rationale: The mere presence of others can enhance performance.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-8. Demonstrating the phenomenon of ________, Zajonc found that cockroaches will run faster and more
efficiently when ________.
a. conformity; running together
b. learning; reinforced
c. social facilitation; other cockroaches are present
d. social loafing; they are alone
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-8
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: c. social facilitation; other cockroaches are present
% correct 61
a = 20 b = 8 c = 61 d = 10 r = 29
11.1-9. Victor is studying for his calculus exam. What would you recommend he do?
a. Invite several friends over to play video games while he studies.
b. Tell him to ask his mom if she will clean his room while he studies.
c. Encourage him to invite his girlfriend over to watch him study.
d. Encourage him to study alone.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-9
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: d. Encourage him to study alone.
Rationale: While social facilitation occurs with easy tasks, difficult tasks often suffer from social
disruption.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 693
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11.1-10. Michael is a great football player. Last Saturday, his new girlfriend attended the game to watch him
play, and Michael played even better than usual. Michael’s enhanced performance demonstrates the
phenomenon known as
a. social influence.
b. social facilitation.
c. social conformity.
d. the bystander effect.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-10
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: b. social facilitation.
Rationale: Social facilitation refers to enhancement of performance in certain situations brought about
by the presence of others.
ww
w.
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bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-11. The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on others’ behavior is known as
a. social facilitation.
b. social influence.
c. the social comparison theory.
d. the fundamental attribution error.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-11
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.2
Answer: d. the fundamental attribution error.
11.1-12. __________ refers to the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on others’
behavior
a. Social facilitation
b. Social comparison theory
c. Fundamental attribution error
d. Need to belong theory
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-12
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.2
Answer: c. Fundamental attribution error
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
694 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-13. Della was shocked to learn that her psychology professor was just arrested for an attempted robbery.
She was sure that he was a nice guy. What concept best explains her reaction?
a. Fundamental attribution error
b. Social disruption
c. Social comparison theory
d. Underestimation error
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-13
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: a. Fundamental attribution error
Rationale: According to the fundamental attribution error, we overestimate enduring characteristics
and attribute too much of people’s behavior to who they are and not what’s going on around them.
ww
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bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-14. You are sitting at a red light; as it turns green, another car comes speeding through the intersection.
What is your initial attribution likely to be?
a. The driver was taking his pregnant wife to the hospital.
b. The driver is a jerk.
c. The light was malfunctioning.
d. The driver didn’t notice the red light.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-14
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: b. The driver is a jerk.
Rationale: According to the fundamental attribution error, we overestimate enduring characteristics
and attribute too much of people’s behavior to who they are and not what’s going on around them.
11.1-15. Mel is listening to a political candidate promote a new health care program. He believes that the
candidate really supports the new program. Which of the following may have occurred?
a. A dispositional attribution
b. A situational attribution
c. A fundamental attribution error
d. A misjudgment of character
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-15
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: c. A fundamental attribution error
Rationale: According to the fundamental attribution error, we overestimate enduring characteristics
and attribute too much of people’s behavior to who they are and not what’s going on around them.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 695
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11.1-16. Marika was confronted by the jealous girlfriend of a guy that Marika had dated. She backed down from
the confrontation and fled the scene. Later, she asked several others what they would have done in that
type of a situation and they agreed that they would have done the same thing. Marika felt better. This is
an example of
a. fundamental attribution theory.
b. social comparison theory.
c. collective delusions.
d. mass hyteria.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-16
Page Ref:
381
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: b. social comparison theory.
Rationale: Social comparison theory maintains that we evaluate our beliefs and reactions by comparing
them with others to help us understand our social world better.
ww
w.
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bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-17. Derek is in his first year of college. He is learning lots of new things and has begun to question some
of his beliefs, including his religious ones. He asks his roommate if he is going through anything
similar. What is Derek engaging in?
a. Social comparison
b. Social facilitation
c. Social ambiguity
d. Social reassurance
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-17
Page Ref:
381
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: a. Social comparison
Rationale: Social comparison theory maintains that we evaluate our beliefs and reactions by comparing
them with others to help us understand our social world better.
11.1-18. Lisa, a third grader, just told Hal, a first grader, that he had “cooties.” Soon all the first grade girls were
running away from Hal, screaming “Stay away, you have cooties!” What was Hal a victim of?
a. Social comparison
b. Collective delusions
c. False beliefs
d. Taunting
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-18
Page Ref:
381–382
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: b. Collective delusions
Rationale: Collective delusions exist when many people simultaneously come to be convinced of
bizarre things that are false.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
696 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-19. Many people have claimed to have seen UFOs or been abducted by aliens. This is an example of
a. social comparison theory.
b. mass hysteria.
c. attribution.
d. social facilitation.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-19
Page Ref:
381–382
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: b. mass hysteria.
Rationale: In many cases, mass hysteria can lead to collective delusions.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-20. What concept may be represented by the story of the “boogey man”?
a. Superstitions
b. Rural myths
c. Urban legends
d. Collective delusions
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-20
Page Ref:
382
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: c. Urban legends
Rationale: Urban legends are false stories that are repeated so many times that people believe them to
be true.
ww
w.
u
11.1-21. A woman cared for a lost dog for several weeks before the vet informed her that it was actually a giant
rat. This is an example of
a. attribution.
b. collective delusions.
c. conformity.
d. an urban legend.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-21
Page Ref:
382
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.2
Answer: d. an urban legend.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 697
11.1-22. The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group influence is called
a. obediene.
b. attribution.
c. conformity.
d. social comparison.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-22
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: c. conformity.
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-23. The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is known as
a. conformity.
b. groupthink.
c. mass hysteria.
d. attribution.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-23
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: a. conformity
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11.1-24. You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing toward the front. You turn and also face toward the front.
This is an example of
a. obedience.
b. comparison.
c. attribution.
d. conformity.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-24
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: d. conformity.
Rationale: Conformity is the tendency to alter our behavior as a result of group pressure.
% correct 100
a = 0 b = 0 c = 0 d = 100 r = .00
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
698 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-25. Professor Chu is conducting a brief experiment for his social psychology unit. He asks the first five
students who showed up for class to stare out the window. As other students file into the classroom,
what are they likely to do?
a. Sit down and focus on the professor.
b. Stare at the students who are staring out the window.
c. Look at each other and try to decide what is happening.
d. Stare out the window.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-25
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: d. Stare out the window.
Rationale: The experiment represents a classic example of group conformity.
% correct 76
a = 6 b = 0 c = 16 d = 76 r = .27
ww
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c
11.1-26. Trey is on a class field trip. As the bus drives by a tall building, he hears all his classmates proclaim
that they just passed the Sears Tower. Trey could have sworn that it was a different building. What
concept explains why Trey is likely to agree with his classmates?
a. Conformity
b. Peer pressure
c. Obedience
d. Social comparison
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-26
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: a. Conformity
Rationale: Conformity is the tendency to alter our behavior as a result of group pressure.
11.1-27. Quentin is riding home on the subway. He notices several of the passengers staring at an older woman
in a peculiar hat. Although he knows that it is wrong to stare, he finds himself staring as well. What is
Quentin exhibiting?
a. Collusion
b. Deindividuation
c. Anonymity
d. Conformity
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-27
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: d. Conformity
Rationale: Conformity is the tendency to alter our behavior as a result of group pressure.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 699
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11.1-28. What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch’s series of experiments in which
participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths to
a. please people on whom they depend.
b. fit in with others.
c. assert their independence.
d. convince others of their points of view.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-28
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Conformity: The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: b. fit in with others.
Rationale: People become confused and distressed when they experience a sharp conflict between their
perceptions and what they thought to be others’ perceptions.
% correct 95
a = 0 b = 95 c = 0 d = 5
r = .53
ww
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bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-29. According to Asch and others, all of the following are social factors that influence conformity
EXCEPT
a. status of the group.
b. unanimity of the group.
c. giving a different wrong answer.
d. size of the majority.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-29
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Conformity: The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: a. status of the group.
% correct 10
a = 10 b = 14 c = 61 d = 14 r = .20
11.1-30. Based on research on differences in conformity, which of the following individuals would you most
expect to conform to a group?
a. Patrick, an American male
b. Masami, a Japanese female
c. Beth, an American female
d. Marcel, a French male
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-30
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Conformity: The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: b. Masami, a Japanese female
Rationale: People from collectivist cultures tend to be more concerned about group opinions than
people from individualistic cultures.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
700 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-31. Link is on his first day as a construction worker. He notices that many of his coworkers have a
tendency to whistle at women as they walk by, but this is a practice with which he does not agree.
What factor would most likely keep him from joining in with the other guys?
a. If the other guys just ignored him
b. If he pretended not to notice the women who were walking by
c. If one of the other guys did not whistle as well
d. If he told the guys he didn’t know how to whistle
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-31
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Conformity : The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: c. If one of the other guys did not whistle as well
Rationale: Without unanimity, the level of conformity drops drastically.
ww
w.
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bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-32. When people are stripped of their identities, they tend to engage in uncharacteristic behavior. This is
known as
a. mass hysteria.
b. deindividuation.
c. social comparison.
d. groupthink.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-32
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: b. deindividuation.
11.1-33. Your friend Simon is about to go in and substitute in a sixth-grade classroom. If he wants to minimize
any disruptive behavior, what should he do first?
a. Make large name tags for each of the students.
b. Outline his plan of discipline.
c. Ask the class to point out the troublemakers.
d. Have the principal accompany him to class.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-33
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: a. Make large name tags for each of the students.
Rationale: Personally identifying students would reduce deindividuation, thereby reducing the
tendency to engage in atypical behavior.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 701
om
11.1-34. Which concept best exemplifies the freedom most students experience on a “road trip”?
a. Conformity
b. Deindividuation
c. Social exuberance
d. Escape from reality
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-34
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: b. Deindividuation
Rationale: Deindividuation refers to the tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when
stripped of their usual identities.
ww
w.
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bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-35. What concept may explain why so many people are ultimately disappointed when they finally meet
someone that they have been “dating” over the Internet?
a. Fundamental attribution error
b. Heightened expectations
c. Deindividuation
d. Social frustration
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-35
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: c. Deindividuation
Rationale: The Internet can bring a feeling of anonymity resulting in atypical behavior.
11.1-36. Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated
roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of
a. conformity.
b. obedience.
c. influence.
d. deindividuation.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-36
Page Ref:
385
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: d. deindividuation.
Rationale: Once assigned a role that deemphasized individuality, people adopted their designated roles
extremely easily.
% correct 73
a = 12 b = 12 c = 2 d = 73 r = .44
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
702 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
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11.1-37. All of the following statements about deindividuation are true EXCEPT
a. Deindividuation makes us more likely to conform to whatever norms are present in the situation.
b. Deindividuation makes people more likely to engage in helping behavior when others are
helping out.
c. Deindividuation typically makes us behave badly.
d. Deindividuation makes us perform more like a member of a group.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-37
Page Ref:
384–386
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: c. Deindividuation typically makes us behave badly.
Rationale: When we are deindividuated, we become more vulnerable to social influences, including the
impact of social roles. Furthermore, deindividuation doesn’t necessarily make us behave badly, but
rather makes us more likely to conform to the situational norms.
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c
11.1-38. The emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking is called
a. deindividuation.
b. conformity.
c. obedience.
d. groupthink.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-38
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: d. groupthink.
11.1-39. The Bay of Pigs fiasco was the result of
a. mob action.
b. deindividuation.
c. blind obedience.
d. groupthink.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-39
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: d. groupthink.
Rationale: Groupthink refers to an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and
sound decision making. In the Cuban Bay of Pigs invasion, everyone agreed to the plan, considering it
a good one, never asking the tough questions that could have affected the outcome.
% correct 85
a = 10 b = 5 c = 0 d = 85 r = .44
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 703
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11.1-40. Janet was in a meeting when she decided to purpose a new idea. The person next to her whispered
“Don’t rock the boat!” This is an example of
a. deindividuation.
b. conformity.
c. groupthink.
d. attribution.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-40
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: c. groupthink.
Rationale: Groupthink emphasises group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.
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c
11.1-41. A guy just walked by the sorority house. All the other girls thought he was cute, but Jill didn’t think so.
What is she likely to say when they ask her opinion?
a. He wasn’t very cute.
b. He was cute.
c. She didn’t get a good look at him.
d. She will refuse to answer.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-41
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: b. He was cute.
Rationale: Groupthink refers to an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and
sound decision making.
11.1-42. Gerald has just been hired as a manager of a company. His wants to solicit ideas from his new
employees on how the company could be improved. What would you recommend he do?
a. Call a board meeting and invite employees to share their ideas.
b. Talk to each employee individually.
c. Ask each employee to write down their suggestions and submit them.
d. Both B and C are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-42
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: d. Both B and C are correct.
Rationale: Keeping individuality intact can reduce the errors related to Groupthink.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
704 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
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11.1-43. The failure of many students to ask questions in class, despite not understanding the material, reflects
what symptom of groupthink?
a. Conformity pressure
b. Mindguards
c. An illusion of group invulnerability
d. Both A and C are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-43
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: a. Conformity pressure
Rationale: There are several symptoms of groupthink; conformity pressure refers to the pressure on
members to go along. Mindguards stifle disagreement; the illusion of invulnerability means the group
cannot fail.
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c
11.1-44. Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink?
a. “Let’s hear some differing opinions.”
b. “What do you think?”
c. “I’m sure we all agree on this.”
d. “We need to look at all of the evidence.”
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-44
Page Ref:
387–388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: c. “I’m sure we all agree on this.”
Rationale: Groupthink refers to an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and
sound decision making.
% correct 59
a = 25 b = 12 c = 59 d = 4
r = .54
11.1-45. A group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause is known as
a. groupthink.
b. a cult.
c. social comparison.
d. conformity.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-45
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: b. a cult.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 705
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11.1-46. Research suggests that cults promote groupthink in all of the following ways EXCEPT
a. having a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty.
b. connecting group members to the outside world.
c. discouraging questioning of the group’s or leader’s assumptions.
d. utilizing training practices that gradually indoctrinate members.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-46
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: b. connecting group members to the outside world.
Rationale: A cult is a group of individuals intensely and unquestionably devoted to a single cause or
leader. Cults disconnect members from the outside world and make use of training practices for
indoctrination.
% correct 95
a = 5 b = 95 c = 0 d = 0
r = .21
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c
11.1-47. Guru Mana is the leader of the cult of “The Divine Purification of the Body.” His members
a. are probably emotionally disturbed.
b. are probably brainwashed.
c. probably have had their beliefs permanently altered.
d. are probably psychologically normal.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-47
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: d. are probably psychologically normal.
Rationale: Misconceptions about cults abound, such as that members are usually mentally disturbed,
brainwashed, and void of original beliefs.
11.1-48. __________ is the treatment in which people are first introduced to the reasons why a belief seems to
be correct, and then exposed to the reasons why the belief is incorrect.
a. Brainwashing
b. Groupthink
c. The bystander effect
d. Inoculation
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-48
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: d. Inoculation
% correct 70
a = 0 b = 25 c = 5 d = 70 r = .21
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
706 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
ly.
c
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11.1-49. Norman’s son tells him he wants to start smoking. Initially, Norman talks about how cool it is to
smoke, and how the girls will probably fall all over him. Then, he mentions that maybe if the only
reason someone likes you is because you smoke, there may be something wrong; or if you find
someone you really like and you die prematurely from smoking, it really won’t matter anyway.
What is Norman attempting to do?
a. Emancipate his son.
b. Discourage his son.
c. Inoculate his son.
d. Disengage his son.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-49
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: c. Inoculate his son.
Rationale: The inoculation effect is an approach to entice people to change their minds by first
exposing them to information consistent with beliefs and then debunking it.
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11.1-50. The difference between conformity and obedience is
a. conformity involves influence from peers or colleagues, while obedience involves influence
from authority.
b. conformity occurs to most anything, while obedience is unquestioning devotion to a single
cause.
c. conformity is the result of inoculation, while obedience is the result of fear.
d. nonexistent; there is no difference.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-50
Page Ref:
389
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.5
Answer: a. conformity involves influence from peers or colleagues, while obedience involves
influence from authority.
% correct 90
a = 90 b = 5 c = 5 d = 0
r = .21
11.1-51. What do the following examples represent? Taking out the garbage, raising your hand in class, and
buckling your seatbelt.
a. Conformity
b. Conditioning
c. Obligations
d. Obedience
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-51
Page Ref:
389
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: d. Obedience
Rationale: Obedience demands that we take our orders from a higher authority.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 707
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11.1-52. You are participating in an experiment that requires you to initially release minute amounts of a toxic
gas into a chamber where subjects are trying to solve puzzles. However, with every mistake they make,
you are instructed to release greater and greater amounts of the gas. What factor would most inhibit
your willingness to continue on?
a. Proximity to the subjects
b. Screams and protests from the subjects
c. Being able to actually see the subjects
d. Where the study was taking place
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-52
Page Ref:
392
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: a. Proximity to the subjects
Rationale: Circumstances affect level of obedience—physical proximity affects psychological distance;
the closer the distance between teacher and learner, the less obedience.
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c
11.1-53. You are participating in an experiment that requires you to initially release minute amounts of a toxic
gas into a chamber where subjects are trying to solve puzzles. However, with every mistake they make,
you are instructed to release greater and greater amounts of the gas. What factor would increase your
willingness to continue on?
a. You didn’t have to see the subjects.
b. You could have someone else release the gas.
c. You didn’t have to hear the screams of the subjects.
d. All would equally increase your willingness to continue.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-53
Page Ref:
392
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: b. You could have someone else release the gas.
Rationale: By creating psychological distance from the subject, having someone else do the deed
would allow you to feel relieved of personal responsibility and increase compliance.
11.1-54. Who is most likely to follow orders?
a. Lars, who is accompanied by his commanding officer
b. Friedrich, whose commanding officer is on the phone
c. Jackson, whose commanding officer sent a text
d. Cam, whose commanding officer is flying in the jet beside him
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-54
Page Ref:
392
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: a. Lars, who is accompanied by his commanding officer
Rationale: The closer the authority figure, physically and psychologically, the greater the obedience.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
708 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
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11.1-55. All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT
a. morally advanced subjects are more willing to defy the experimenter.
b. people with high levels of authoritarianism are more likely to comply with the experimenter’s
demands.
c. there were no differences between males and females.
d. Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter’s commands than non-Americans.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-55
Page Ref:
392–393
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.5
Answer: d. Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter’s commands than non-Americans.
Rationale: There were individual and gender differences among subjects; however, the overall rates of
obedience among Americans did not differ from those of non-Americans.
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c
11.1-56. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Human nature is basically good.
b. Human nature is generally bad.
c. Human nature is a combination of both socially constructive and destructive tendencies.
d. Human nature exhibits either prosocial behavior or antisocial behavior but not both.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-56
Page Ref:
394
Topic:
Helping and Harming Others: Prosocial Behavior and Aggression
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. Human nature is a combination of both socially constructive and destructive tendencies.
Rationale: Human nature rarely falls neatly into good or bad extremes.
11.1-57. Who is engaging in prosocial behavior?
a. Ethan helps his mom carry in the groceries.
b. Rashon tells his sister that he will play with her later.
c. Estefan ties his little brother’s shoes for him.
d. Both A and C are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-57
Page Ref:
394
Topic:
Helping and Harming Others: Prosocial Behavior and Aggression
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: d. Both A and C are correct.
Rationale: Prosocial behavior is behavior intended to help others.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 709
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11.1-58. The more people that are present at an emergency, the less each individual feels responsible for the
consequences of not helping. This is known as
a. pluralistic ignorance.
b. groupthink.
c. obedience.
d. diffusion of responsibility.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-58
Page Ref:
395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: d. diffusion of responsibility.
Rationale: Diffusion of responsibility is a reduction in personal feelings of responsibility in the
presence of others.
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c
11.1-59. At a crowded park Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that
someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as
a. pluralistic ignorance.
b. social loafing.
c. diffusion of responsibility.
d. evaluation apprehension.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-59
Page Ref:
395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. diffusion of responsibility.
Rationale: Diffusion of responsibility takes place when the presence of others makes each person feel
less responsible for the outcome.
% correct 90
a = 10 b = 0 c = 90 d = 0 r = .21
11.1-60. It is the holiday season, and as you are about to enter the department store, you notice a person out
front, ringing a bell and asking for donations. What factor will make you most likely to donate?
a. If you truly support the charity
b. If you are walking in with a group of people
c. If you are walking in alone
d. If you have any money in your wallet
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-60
Page Ref:
395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. If you are walking in alone
Rationale: Diffusion of responsibility takes place when the presence of others makes each person feel
less responsible for the outcome. In this case, donating while alone would increase that sense of
responsibility.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
710 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
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11.1-61. Most subjects in the Milgram study said they would be willing to continue, but would not be held
accountable for their actions. What were they engaging in?
a. Disobedience
b. Deindividuation
c. Pluralistic ignorance
d. Diffusion of responsibility
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-61
Page Ref:
390–393, 395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: d. Diffusion of responsibility
Rationale: Diffusion of responsibility is a reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the
presence of others.
ww
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c
11.1-62. If you were being attacked, where would you likely receive the most assistance?
a. In the stands of a football game
b. Inside a convenience store
c. At a concert
d. On the side of the road
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-62
Page Ref:
395, 398
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: b. Inside a convenience store
Rationale: According to research on bystander intervention, fewer people around and the inability to
escape would make someone more inclined to help.
11.1-63. You are sitting in your psychology class as smoke begins to pour through the air vent. What are you
most likely to do?
a. Leave the classroom immediately.
b. Wait for the fire alarm to go off.
c. Look at other students’ reactions.
d. Wait for the professor to dismiss you.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-63
Page Ref:
395–396
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. Look at other students’ reactions.
Rationale: According to research on bystander intervention, to intervene in an emergency, we first
need to recognize the situation as an emergency.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 711
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11.1-64. Jack and Jill are working on a school project together. Jill does almost all the work because Jack hardly
contributed anything. The tendency to work less in groups is known as
a. diffusion of responsibility.
b. groupthink.
c. social loafing.
d. altruism.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-64
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. social loafing.
Rationale: Social loafing is a phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups.
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c
11.1-65. Ashton is the strongest kid in your school. When it is time for the tug-of-war competition, everyone
wants him on their team. However, once the competition begins, Ashton’s team loses three straight
matches in a row. What is the most likely explanation?
a. Social loafing
b. Social disruption
c. Social facilitation
d. Social laziness
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-65
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: a. Social loafing
Rationale: Social loafing describes the phenomenon wherein people slack off in groups.
11.1-66. Penelope has just been appointed leader of a group project in her psychology class. What would you
recommend she do to elicit optimal contributions from each member of the group?
a. Offer to do the work herself, and then have each member check over it.
b. Request that each member volunteer to be responsible for their area of expertise.
c. Volunteer to accept a group grade for the project as opposed to individual grades.
d. Assign each member a specific task that will not be carried out by anyone else.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-66
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: d. Assign each member a specific task that will not be carried out by anyone else.
Rationale: Social loafing describes the phenomenon wherein people slack off in groups; making people
identifiable and personally responsible for an outcome help prevent social loafing.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
712 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
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11.1-67. Amanda, Lola, Jonas, and Roderigo have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing most
of the work while the others receive the same grade as she. This is an example of
a. the bystander effect.
b. social loafing.
c. pluralistic ignorance.
d. diffusion of responsibility.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-67
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: b. social loafing.
% correct 70
a = 0 b = 70 c = 5 d = 25 r = .41
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c
11.1-68. Which of the following statements is true about brainstorming?
a. More heads are better than one.
b. Brainstorming groups come up with better ideas than individuals.
c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual
brainstorming.
d. None of the ideas is true.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-68
Page Ref:
396–397
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual
brainstorming.
Rationale: Because members can be more anxious about their ideas in groups and tend toward social
loafing, group brainstorming is actually less effective than individual brainstorming.
11.1-69. Group brainstorming is less effective than individual brainstorming because
a. group members may be anxious about being evaluated by others.
b. of social loafing.
c. of social facilitation.
d. a. and b. are correct.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-69
Page Ref:
396–397
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: d. a. and b. are correct.
% correct 65
a = 10 b = 16 c = 8 d = 65 r = .21
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 713
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-71. Helping others for unselfish reasons is called
a. altruism.
b. egoism.
c. situationalism.
d. influentialism.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-71
Page Ref:
397
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: a. altruism.
% correct 95
a = 95 b = 0 c = 0 d = 5
r = .19
om
11.1-70. One reason group brainstorming is less effective than individual brainstorming is
a. self-handicapping.
b. diffusion of responsibility.
c. social loafing.
d. pluralistic ignorance.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-70
Page Ref:
396–397
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: c. social loafing.
Rationale: When in a group, people can slack off, attempting to let the others in the group provide the
ideas.
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w.
u
11.1-72. Gerrit saw an elderly woman crossing the street and decided to help. This could be seen as
a. social facilitation.
b. altruism.
c. sandbagging.
d. positive psychology.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-72
Page Ref:
397
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: b. altruism.
Rationale: Altruism is helping others for unselfish reasons.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
714 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-73. Who is engaging in altruistic behavior?
a. Felicia, who gives up her seat on the bus to a mother holding an infant
b. Dante, who is raking leaves to earn his allowance
c. Taisha, who lets his little sister eat the last cookie
d. Both a. and c. are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-73
Page Ref:
397
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: d. Both a. and c. are correct.
Rationale: Both are helping for unselfish reasons.
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c
om
11.1-74. Who is most likely to stop and help an elderly woman pick up the groceries she just dropped?
a. Leo, who is an introvert
b. Tina, a classmate from your psychology class
c. John, who is in a lousy mood
d. Both A and B are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-74
Page Ref:
397–398
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: b. Tina, a classmate from your psychology class
Rationale: Many factors make people more likely to help in emergency situations. Those who tend to
intervene include those in a good mood, extraverted people, and, in this case, those who have been
exposed to research on bystander effects.
11.1-75. Which of the following people would be most likely to come to the aid of another?
a. Someone who read about bystander intervention research
b. A member of a crowd
c. Someone in a hurry
d. Someone concerned about social approval
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-75
Page Ref:
397–398
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: a. Someone who read about bystander intervention research
Rationale: Many factors make people more likely to help in emergency situations. Those who tend to
intervene include those who cannot easily escape the situation, those who are less concerned about
social approval, and, in this case, those who have been exposed to research on bystander effects.
% correct 84
a = 84 b = 8 c = 0 d = 8
r = .46
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 715
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11.1-76. In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped?
a. A young woman is being mugged while people are watching from their bedroom windows.
b. An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street.
c. An angry mob watches while an old man is attacked by a dog.
d. A woman collapses on the sidewalk of a crowded street.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-76
Page Ref:
398
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: b. An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street.
Rationale: Many factors make people more likely to help in emergency situations, including the
characteristics of the victim, whether one can easily escape the situation, and whether the presence of
others allows for diffusion of responsibility.
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-77. Which of the following is NOT a situational influence on why we hurt others?
a. Interpersonal provocation
b. Inhibitions from alcohol
c. High arousal
d. Low temperatures
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-77
Page Ref:
398–399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.7
Answer: d. Low temperatures
ww
w.
u
11.1-78. Who is most likely to react aggressively?
a. Kato, who rode the bus to school
b. Kimberly, who lost her keys this morning and was late to work
c. Lila, who rode her bike to school
d. Both B and C are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-78
Page Ref:
398–399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: d. Both B and C are correct.
Rationale: Arousal and frustration are situational influences that can both lead to aggressiveness.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
716 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-79. Research has shown that there are gender differences in aggression. These findings suggest that
a. higher levels of testosterone may produce more outward aggression in males.
b. males are likely to engage in more relational aggression than females.
c. males engage in more indirect aggression than females.
d. females are more likely to be affected by high temperatures than males.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-79
Page Ref:
399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.7
Answer: a. higher levels of testosterone may produce more outward aggression in males.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-80. Who is engaging in relational aggression?
a. Sarabeth, who is telling her friend how silly another girl looked at the dance
b. Martine, who is practicing karate with a friend and accidently kicks her in the shin
c. Tad, who is holding down his little brother so he can’t tell on him for breaking the window
d. Emma, who hit Alfredo on the arm with her lacrosse stick because he called her fat
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-80
Page Ref:
399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: a. Sarabeth, who is telling her friend how silly another girl looked at the dance
Rationale: Relational aggression is a form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, that involves
spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns.
ww
w.
u
11.1-81. Who is LEAST likely to be aggressive?
a. Cody, a Southerner who has just been insulted by a neighbor
b. Juan, who just watched a daylong marathon of slasher movies
c. Donall, who has been drinking heavily at a bar
d. Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage, Alaska
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-81
Page Ref:
399–400
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: d. Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage, Alaska
Rationale: Culture and situational factors shape aggression.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 717
om
11.1-82. Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression?
a. Cameron, who was raised in North Dakota
b. Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing, China
c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia
d. Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo, Japan
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-82
Page Ref:
399–400
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.7
Answer: c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia
Rationale: Cultural factors shape aggression—physical aggression tends to be less prevalent among
Asians and more prevalent among southern U.S. regions where people adhere to a culture of honor.
% correct 75
a = 5 b = 25 c = 75 d = 0
r = .19
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-83. People from the __________ region of the United States are more likely to conform to a culture of
honor, or defending one’s reputation in the face of an insult.
a. northeastern
b. southern
c. western
d. northwestern
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-83
Page Ref:
400
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.7
Answer: b. southern
11.1-84. A belief
a. is a conclusion regarding factual evidence.
b. includes an emotional component.
c. is an attitude.
d. includes a behavioral component.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-84
Page Ref:
400
Topic:
Attitudes and Persuasion: Changing Minds
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: a. is a conclusion regarding factual evidence.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
718 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-85. An attitude
a. is a conclusion regarding factual evidence.
b. includes an emotional component.
c. predicts behavior reasonably well.
d. does all of the above.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-85
Page Ref:
400
Topic:
Attitudes and Persuasion: Changing Minds
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: b. includes an emotional component.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-86. A(n) __________ is a conclusion regarding factual evidence; a(n) __________ includes an emotional
component.
a. attitude; self-monitoring
b. belief; desire
c. attitude; belief
d. belief; attitude
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-86
Page Ref:
400
Topic:
Attitudes and Persuasion: Changing Minds
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: d. belief; attitude
ww
w.
u
11.1-87. What is the most likely explanation for why many restaurant owners served their Asian customers,
despite evidencing negative attitudes?
a. Their proximity to the customer was a better predictor of behavior.
b. They were not as prejudiced as they thought.
c. They did not notice their ethnicity.
d. The survey data was not accurate.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-87
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Attitudes and Behavior
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: a. Their proximity to the customer was a better predictor of behavior.
Rationale: Attitudes do not always predict behavior; once in proximity to their guests, restaurant
owners may have found them more likable or may have been unwilling to turn down their business.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 719
11.1-88. A trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes is
called
a. an accessible characteristic.
b. self-monitoring.
c. a belief.
d. predictive.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-88
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Attitudes and Behavior
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: b. self-monitoring.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-89. Who would you most like to buy a used car from?
a. Hank, a high self-monitor
b. Larry, a low self-monitor
c. Kim, who has high self-esteem
d. Don, who has low self-esteem
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-89
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Attitudes and Behavior
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: b. Larry, a low self-monitor
Rationale: Low self-monitors tend to be straight shooters and have actions that mirror their attitudes,
whereas high self-monitors tend to be chameleons.
ww
w.
u
11.1-90. The shortcut that helps a person to make typically accurate snap decisions is called
a. a belief.
b. an attitude.
c. a recognition heuristic.
d. a self-monitor.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-90
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: c. a recognition heuristic.
Rationale: The recognition heuristic is a shortcut that makes us more likely to believe something we’ve
heard many times, making snap judgments easier and surprisingly accurate.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
720 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-91. The phenomenon where we are more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times is known
as the
a. availability heuristic.
b. recognition heuristic.
c. rule of thumb.
d. bandwagon fallacy.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-91
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: b. recognition heuristic.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-92. The __________ makes us more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times.
a. recognition heuristic
b. representative heuristic
c. cognitive dissonance theory
d. availability heuristic
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-92
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: a. recognition heuristic
ww
w.
u
11.1-93. Which heuristic makes us more likely to believe something we’ve heard many times?
a. The availability heuristic
b. The recognition heuristic
c. The memory heuristic
d. The monitor heuristic
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-93
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: b. The recognition heuristic
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 721
om
11.1-94. It is election day, and the candidates have flooded the airwaves and streets with promos. What concept
are these candidates hoping to take advantage of?
a. Availability heuristic
b. Representativeness heuristic
c. Redundancy heuristic
d. Recognition heuristic
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-94
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: d. Recognition heuristic
Rationale: The recognition heuristic is a shortcut that makes us more likely to believe something we’ve
heard many times, making snap judgments easier and surprisingly accurate.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-95. Bailey went out and bought some anti-aging skin cream because an actor who plays a doctor on a soap
opera recommended it. This is known as
a. the bandwagon fallacy.
b. the recognition heuristic.
c. the availability heuristic.
d. maladaptive gullibility.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-95
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: d. maladaptive gullibility.
11.1-96. Hermione went out and bought some acne cream because an actor who plays a doctor on her favorite
soap opera recommended it. Falling for messages delivered by bogus figures is called
a. the bandwagon fallacy.
b. the recognition heuristic.
c. self-monitoring.
d. maladaptive gullibility.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-96
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: d. maladaptive gullibility.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
722 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-97. What concept best explains why many infomercials use “experts” in the field to promote their product?
a. Maladaptive gullibility
b. Recognition heuristic
c. Availability heuristic
d. Both a. and b. are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-97
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: a. Maladaptive gullibility
Rationale: Maladaptive gullibility refers to falling for messages delivered by phony authority figures.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-98. The finding that we’re more positively predisposed toward people, places, or things that resemble
us is called
a. adaptive gullibility.
b. the recognition heuristic.
c. the implicit egotism effect.
d. self-justification.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-98
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: c. the implicit egotism effect.
ww
w.
u
11.1-99. Attitudes stem from
a. our prior experience.
b. our ability to relate to messengers who provide information.
c. our personalities.
d. all of the above.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-99
Page Ref:
401–402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: d. all of the above.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 723
om
11.1-100. Gwen believes that the Salvation Army is a worthy charity. Yet she failed to donate as she entered the
store because she is saving her money for a gift for her mother. What best explains her twinge of guilt
for not donating?
a. Cognitive dissonance
b. Self-preservation
c. Cognitive ambivalence
d. Altruism
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-100
Page Ref:
402–403
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.9
Answer: a. Cognitive dissonance
Rationale: Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant tension that results from two conflicting thoughts.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-101. Jaime just learned that his favorite baseball player used steroids during his career. What are Jaime’s
options?
a. Ignore the steroids story and continue to idolize the player.
b. Reject the player for being a cheater and a liar.
c. Decide to follow the career of another player who is clean.
d. All of the above
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-101
Page Ref:
402–403
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.9
Answer: d. All of the above
Rationale: We can reduce cognitive dissonance in multiple ways.
11.1-102. When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are
experiencing
a. implicit egotism.
b. maladaptive gullibility.
c. self-monitoring.
d. cognitive dissonance.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-102
Page Ref:
402–403
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.9
Answer: d. cognitive dissonance.
Rationale: Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant tension that results from two conflicting thoughts.
% correct 33
a = 31 b = 12 c = 24 d = 33
r = .31
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
724 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
ly.
c
om
11.1-103. Tamika met Samantha who was new to the school. Tamika began to develop a friendship with
Samantha and soon they became good friends. Then Tamika learned that Samantha had been a
troublemaker at her old school. Tamika liked Samantha but now saw her as a trouble maker. Tamika
finally resolved these conflicting emotions by deciding that Samantha should be admired for turning
over a new leaf at her new school. This is can be explained by
a. implicit egotism theory.
b. maladaptive gullibility.
c. cognitive dissonance theory.
d. self-monitoring theory.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-103
Page Ref:
403
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.9
Answer: c. cognitive dissonance theory.
Rationale: Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant tension that results from two conflicting thoughts. In
this scenario, Tamika has attempted to reduce the state of tension by deciding on one single cognition.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
11.1-104. The Seekers thought the world was coming to an end on December 21. They prayed for their salvation.
When the world did not come to an end
a. this weakened their convictions because of falsification.
b. this strengthened their convictions because of cognitive dissonance.
c. this could not be explained by the Seekers.
d. the Seekers used common sense to explain the disconfirmation of their prophecy.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-104
Page Ref:
403
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.9
Answer: b. this strengthened their convictions because of cognitive dissonance.
Rationale: By changing attitudes or behaviors, we can reduce dissonance.
11.1-105. When our positive feelings toward one option decrease immediately after we decide to go with the
other option, we are engaging in
a. self-monitoring.
b. maladaptive gullibility.
c. post-decision dissonance.
d. cognitive dissonance.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-105
Page Ref:
403
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.9
Answer: c. post-decision dissonance.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 725
11.1-106. __________ theory proposes that we don’t really change our attitudes but that we report that we have
done so to make our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes.
a. Self-perception
b. Cognitive dissonance
c. Impression management
d. Implicit egotism
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-106
Page Ref:
404
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.9
Answer: c. Impression management
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-107. There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to evaluate the merits of the
persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. This is known as the
a. central route.
b. peripheral route.
c. afferent route.
d. efferent route.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-107
Page Ref:
404
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: a. central route.
ww
w.
u
11.1-108. Cullen is going to buy a new car. He approaches the salesperson, who shows him the newest model
available. Cullen falls in love with it immediately and decides to purchase the car right away. Which
route is Cullen relying on?
a. Tangent route
b. Primary route
c. Central route
d. Peripheral route
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-108
Page Ref:
404
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: d. Peripheral route
Rationale: In the dual process models of persuasion, the peripheral route leads us to respond to
persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
726 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.1-109. There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive
arguments on the basis of snap judgments. This is known as the
a. central route.
b. peripheral route.
c. afferent route.
d. efferent route.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-109
Page Ref:
404
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: b. peripheral route.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-110. When Christian went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty
of the car and the flashiness, and how good Christian would look driving it instead of the poor gas
mileage, the exorbitant price, and poor road performance. Christian made a snap decision to buy the
car from the persuasive saleswoman. Christian was using which alternative pathway in making a
decision?
a. The central route
b. The peripheral route
c. The afferent route
d. The efferent route
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-110
Page Ref:
404
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: b. The peripheral route
Rationale: In the dual process models of persuasion, the peripheral route leads us to respond to
persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments.
11.1-111. __________ suggests that we start with a small request before asking for a bigger one.
a. The foot-in-the-door technique
b. The door-in-the-face technique
c. The low-ball technique
d. The bait-and-switch technique
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-111
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: a. The foot-in-the-door technique
% correct 100
a = 100 b = 0 c = 0 d = 0 r = .100
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 727
11.1-112. Asking for a small request before asking for a bigger one is a persuasive technique known as
a. bargaining.
b. foot-in-the-door.
c. low-ball.
d. none of the above.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-112
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: b. foot-in-the-door.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-113. A fellow classmate who missed class yesterday asks to borrow your notes. You agree. Soon after, the
classmate asks if he can copy your homework because he didn’t have time to finish it. You agree. By
the end of the semester, you realize that you have nearly completed the entire course for the classmate.
What technique did you fall victim to?
a. Foot-in-the-door
b. Door-in-the-face
c. Low-ball
d. Self-perception
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-113
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: a. Foot-in-the-door
Rationale: The foot-in-the-door technique suggests that we first make a small request followed by a
larger one later.
11.1-114. Raoul wanted a new cell phone. One of the companies was offering free cell phones with a purchase of
a 2-year contract. Along with the offer came free text messaging for a month. Raoul purchased the
contract. After the month he liked the text package so much he kept it at a rather hefty price. This is an
example of
a. the foot-in-the-door technique.
b. the door-in-the-face technique.
c. the low-ball technique.
d. the bait-and-switch technique.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-114
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: a. the foot-in-the-door technique.
Rationale: The foot-in-the-door technique suggests that we first make a small request followed by a
larger one later.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
728 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-115. Paul really wants to go away this weekend with his friend but is not sure what his parents will say. He
decides to ask if he can spend a week with his friend first. Then when they say no, which is virtually
guaranteed, he will ask he if he can go for just a weekend. What technique is Paul planning to use?
a. Foot-in-the-door
b. Door-in-the-face
c. Low-ball
d. Cognitive manipulation
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-115
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: b. Door-in-the-face
Rationale: The door-in-the-face technique suggests that we first make a large request before asking for
a smaller one, often playing off guilt.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-116. Jesse asked his friend if he could borrow $100. He then asked for just $5. This is an example of the
__________ technique.
a. low-ball
b. food-in-the-door
c. door-in-the-face
d. guilt-inducing
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-116
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: c. door-in-the-face
Rationale: In the door-in-the-face technique, refusing the initial request induces guilt, making them
more likely to say yes to the second request.
11.1-117. __________ involves asking for an unreasonably large request before asking for the small request you
are hoping to have granted.
a. The foot-in-the-door technique
b. The door-in-the-face technique
c. The low-ball technique
d. The bait-and-switch technique
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-117
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: b. The door-in-the-face technique
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 729
om
11.1-118. Miranda received a phone call from a telemarketer for a local charity. The telemarketer asked for a
$1,000 donation. When Miranda refused, the telemarketer then asked for $25, to which Miranda
agreed. This is an example of the
a. foot-in-the-door technique.
b. door-in-the-face technique.
c. low-ball technique.
d. bait-and-switch technique.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-118
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: b. door-in-the-face technique.
Rationale: The door-in-the-face technique suggests that we first make a large request before asking for
a smaller one.
% correct 65
a = 10 b = 65 c = 25 d = 0
r = .81
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-119. Maddie wants Erin to take Maddie’s place at work Friday night. She first asks Erin what she is doing
this weekend. When Erin responds that she has no plans, Maddie then asks Erin if she would take
Maddie’s shift. What technique did Maddie use?
a. Foot-in-the-door
b. Door-in-the-face
c. Low-ball
d. False sincerity
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-119
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: c. Low-ball
Rationale: The low-ball technique suggests that we start by quoting a low price before mentioning the
add-ons; in the case of a favor, we ask first, before adding on the real conditions of the task.
11.1-120. The __________ involves having someone agree to a request and then revealing that there are
additional hidden obligations.
a. foot-in-the-door technique
b. door-in-the-face technique
c. low-ball technique
d. bait-and-switch technique
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-120
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: c. low-ball technique
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
730 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
ly.
c
om
11.1-121. Emilio saw a wonderful all-in-one kitchen appliance for sale on tv. The appliance would allow him to
get rid of six small appliances and leave more room in his kitchen. Emilio called the number and
agreed to purchase the product. He then found out that the price only covered the product base and he
would have to purchase each appliance add-on individually. When he did this, the product cost
significantly more than he originally thought. This is known as the
a. foot-in-the-door technique.
b. door-in-the-face technique.
c. low-ball technique.
d. bait-and-switch technique.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-121
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: c. low-ball technique.
Rationale: The low-ball technique suggests that we start by quoting a low price before mentioning the
add-ons.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
11.1-122. The following are all examples of pseudoscience tactics EXCEPT
a. creation of a “phantom” goal.
b. vivid testimonials.
c. manufacturing source credibility.
d. the availability heuristic.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-122
Page Ref:
405–406
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: d. the availability heuristic.
11.1-123. The following are all examples of pseudoscience tactics EXCEPT
a. mastering the Italian language while sleeping.
b. calling before midnight while supplies last.
c. buying a product because it is “natural.”
d. losing 10 pounds over a 3-month period using the product along with proper nutrition and
exercise.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-123
Page Ref:
405–406
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: d. losing 10 pounds over a 3-month period using the product along with proper nutrition
and exercise.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 731
11.1-124. Drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence is
known as
a. prejudice.
b. adaptive conservatism.
c. discrimination.
d. in-group bias.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-124
Page Ref:
406
Topic:
Prejudice and Discrimination
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: a. prejudice.
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-125. Drawing conclusions about a person, group, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence is known as
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. prejudice.
c. in-group bias.
d. stereotype.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-125
Page Ref:
406
Topic:
Prejudice and Discrimination
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: b. prejudice.
ww
w.
u
11.1-126. Which of the following contributes to problems like groupthink?
a. In-group bias
b. Out-group homogeneity
c. Prejudice
d. In-group homogeneity
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-126
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
The Nature of Prejudice
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: a. In-group bias
Rationale: In-group bias is the tendency to favor individuals inside our group relative to members
outside of it.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
732 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-127. Caleb just moved into a new neighborhood. Initially at least, what is he likely to encounter from the
other children on the street?
a. Out-group homogeneity
b. In-group bias
c. In-group homogeneity
d. Out-group bias
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-127
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
The Nature of Prejudice
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: b. In-group bias
Rationale: In-group bias is the tendency to favor individuals inside our group relative to members
outside of it.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-128. Sumatra, who is a high school senior, a cheerleader, and the class vice president, would be more likely
to be positively disposed to which of the following students?
a. Andy, a sophomore computer geek
b. Marika, a cellist in the school orchestra and a freshman
c. Jamal, a senior captain of the football team and class treasurer
d. Sandy, a junior cheerleader who wants to be a hair stylist
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-128
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
The Nature of Prejudice
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: c. Jamal, a senior captain of the football team and class treasurer
Rationale: In-group bias is the tendency to favor individuals inside our group relative to members
outside of it.
11.1-129. Dave is a Red Sox fan. He intensely dislikes the Yankees. He celebrates with glee every time the Red
Sox win and the Yankees lose. This is an example of
a. prejudice.
b. adaptive conservatism.
c. in-group bias.
d. discrimination.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-129
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
The Nature of Prejudice
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: c. in-group bias.
Rationale: In-group bias is the tendency to favor individuals inside our group relative to members
outside of it.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 733
11.1-130. __________ is the act of treating members from out-groups differently from members of one’s own
group.
a. Prejudice
b. Adaptive conservatism
c. In-group bias
d. Discrimination
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-130
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
Discrimination
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: d. Discrimination
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-131. Prejudice refers to __________ toward others; discrimination refers to __________ toward others.
a. stereotypes; attitudes
b. attitudes; beliefs
c. behavior; attitudes
d. attitudes; behavior
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-131
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
Discrimination
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: d. attitudes; behavior
ww
w.
u
11.1-132. The all-boys club put up a sign that reads, “No Girls Allowed!” What practice are these boys
engaging in?
a. Prejudice
b. Social outcasting
c. Discrimination
d. All of the above
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-132
Page Ref:
407
Topic:
Discrimination
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: c. Discrimination
Rationale: Discrimination is the act of treating members of out-groups differently from members
of in-groups.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
734 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-133. You want to hire the most qualified person for the job. Which of the following might you consider?
a. Read their resumes and base your decision on their written communication skills.
b. Interview applicants over a phone line using a voice distorter to mask their gender and ethnicity.
c. Ask your employees to be with you as you interview prospective new hires.
d. Conduct multiple interviews in a variety of settings.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-133
Page Ref:
407–408
Topic:
Discrimination
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: b. Interview applicants over a phone line using a voice distorter to mask their gender and
ethnicity.
Rationale: This method would take away any potential for discrimination.
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-134. Which factor might explain the brown-eyed children’s behavior in the Jane Elliott demonstration?
a. Out-group homogeneity
b. Confirmation bias
c. In-group bias
d. Both A and C are correct.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-134
Page Ref:
407–408
Topic:
Discrimination
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: d. Both A and C are correct.
Rationale: Both could be a basis for discrimination.
ww
w.
u
11.1-135. A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that are applied generally to most members of
the group is known as a(n)
a. cognitive miser.
b. prejudice.
c. stereotype.
d. illusionary correlation.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-135
Page Ref:
408
Topic:
Stereotypes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: c. stereotype.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 735
11.1-136. A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of
the group is called
a. discrimination.
b. bigotry.
c. prejudice.
d. stereotyping.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-136
Page Ref:
408
Topic:
Stereotypes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: d. stereotyping .
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-137. What idea is depicted by the belief that all Asians are good in math?
a. Stereotype
b. Prejudice
c. Collective consensus
d. Representativeness heuristic
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-137
Page Ref:
408
Topic:
Sterotypes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: a. Stereotype
Rationale: A stereotype is a belief , positive or negative, about the characteristics of group members
applied to all group members.
ww
w.
u
11.1-138. __________ are beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we are unaware.
a. Discriminations
b. Implicit stereotypes
c. Explicit stereotypes
d. In-group biases
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-138
Page Ref:
408
Topic:
Sterotypes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: b. Implicit stereotypes
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
736 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-139. Who is using a stereotype?
a. Jo, who says he likes Cindy because she is a cheerleader
b. Al, who says he won’t date cheerleaders because they are superficial
c. Kris, who will only date members of the football team
d. Chet, who will only date a cheerleader if she is nice to him first
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-139
Page Ref:
408
Topic:
Sterotypes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.11
Answer: b. Al, who says he won’t date cheerleaders because they are superficial
Rationale: A stereotype is a belief , positive or negative, about the characteristics of group members
applied to all group members.
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-140. __________ is the assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to internal
dispositions of individuals within the group.
a. Ultimate attribution error
b. Implied association
c. Scapegoat hypothesis
d. Just-world hypothesis
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-140
Page Ref:
409
Topic:
Stereotypes
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.11
Answer: a. Ultimate attribution error
ww
w.
u
11.1-141. Prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our present misfortunes according to the
a. just-world hypothesis.
b. bandwagon hypothesis.
c. maladaptive gullibility hypothesis.
d. scapegoat hypothesis.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.1-141
Page Ref:
410
Topic:
Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.12
Answer: d. scapegoat hypothesis.
% correct 75
a = 20 b = 5 c = 0 d = 75 r = .21
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 737
om
11.1-142. Ame is angry at her professor because she just failed her psychology test. What idea best explains
her anger?
a. Aggression-frustration hypothesis
b. Just-world hypothesis
c. Scapegoat hypothesis
d. Escape-avoidance hypothesis
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-142
Page Ref:
410
Topic:
Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.12
Answer: c. Scapegoat hypothesis
Rationale: The scapegoat hypothesis refers to prejudice that arises from a need to blame others for our
misfortunes.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-143. __________ is the claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a belief that the world is fair
and people always get what they deserve.
a. The just-world hypothesis
b. The scapegoat hypothesis
c. The bandwagon hypothesis
d. The maladaptive gullibility hypothesis
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-143
Page Ref:
410
Topic:
Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.12
Answer: a. The just-world hypothesis
11.1-144. What idea is represented by the belief that a scantily dressed rape victim got what she deserved?
a. Scapegoat hypothesis
b. Just-world hypothesis
c. Ultimate attribution error
d. Religiosity
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-144
Page Ref:
410
Topic:
Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.12
Answer: b. Just-world hypothesis
Rationale: The just-world hypothesis implies that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
738 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.1-145. Zhuo, who believes in a just world, believes that Zander is responsible for his getting AIDS because of
his lifestyle. This phenomenon is known as
a. scapegoat hypothesis.
b. ultimate attribution error.
c. implicit association.
d. blaming the victim.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-145
Page Ref:
410
Topic:
Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.12
Answer: d. blaming the victim.
Rationale: Believing in a just world can lead us to place blame on groups who are already in a
one-down position.
bo
ok
ly.
c
11.1-146. Sherif’s “Robbers Cave” experiment demonstrated that prejudice can be reduced by
a. engaging all members in competitive play.
b. engaging each team against each other in a tournament.
c. getting boys within each group to form strong bonds within the group.
d. engaging the groups in activities that required them to cooperate to achieve a goal.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-146
Page Ref:
410–411
Topic:
Combating Prejudice: Some Remedies
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.12
Answer: d. engaging the groups in activities that required them to cooperate to achieve a goal.
ww
w.
u
11.1-147. The Robbers Cave study and Elliott Aronson’s work on jigsaw classrooms confirm an important
lesson that
a. increased contact between racial groups greatly reduces prejudice.
b. decreased contact between racial groups greatly reduces prejudice.
c. decreased contact between racial groups doesn’t reduce prejudice.
d. increased contact between racial groups is rarely sufficient to reduce prejudice.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.1-147
Page Ref:
410–411
Topic:
Combating Prejudice: Some Remedies
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.12
Answer: d. increased contact between racial groups is rarely sufficient to reduce prejudice.
Rationale: Several conditions must be satisfied in order to reduce prejudice.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 739
11.1-148. The Robbers Cave study and the jigsaw classroom underscore a lesson confirmed by many other social
psychology studies; that is,
a. increased contact between racial groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice.
b. increased contact between racial groups is rarely sufficient to reduce prejudice.
c. cooperative contact between groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice.
d. increased enjoyable contact between racial groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-148
Page Ref:
410–411
Topic:
Combating Prejudice: Some Remedies
Skill:
Factual
Objective:
11.12
Answer: b. increased contact between racial groups is rarely sufficient to reduce prejudice.
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
ly.
c
om
11.1-149. Karyn is part of a class project that requires each member of the class to draw a different animal, which
will then be combined to create a mural. What type of classroom is Karyn a part of?
a. Cooperative
b. Social consciousness
c. Unified
d. Jigsaw
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.1-149
Page Ref:
411
Topic:
Combating Prejudice: Some Remedies
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.12
Answer: d. Jigsaw
Rationale: In a jigsaw classroom, each member has a separate task that fit together to complete the
project.
Fill-in-the-Blank
11.2-1. Tristan is driving down the road and sees a woman standing beside her broken down car. Tristan keeps
on driving __________ attempts to explain why Tristan chose to keep driving.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-1
Page Ref:
378
Topic:
What Is Social Psychology?
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: Social psychology
11.2-2. __________ is the study of how people influence others’ behavior.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-2
Page Ref:
379
Topic:
What Is Social Psychology
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: Social psychology
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
740 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.2-3. The __________ suggests that we humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal
connections.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-3
Page Ref:
379
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: need to belong theory
ly.
c
om
11.2-4. The mere presence of others can enhance our performance in a phenomenon known as __________.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-4
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.1
Answer: social facilitation
bo
ok
11.2-5. Alexandra wants to know the simplest way to improve her running time. You should tell her to run
with a(n) __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-5
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: friend
ww
w.
u
11.2-6. __________ explains why Kit, who is an average tennis player, does fine when she is playing with her
friends, but struggles during tournaments when there are lots of spectators.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-6
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: Social disruption
11.2-7. Being surprised when you discover that your favorite actor committed a serious crime is most likely
the result of the __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-7
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: fundamental attribution error
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 741
11.2-8. __________ refers to the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on others’
behavior.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-8
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.2
Answer: Fundamental attribution error
ly.
c
om
11.2-9. According to __________ , we evaluate our beliefs, abilities, and reactions by comparing them to those
of others.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-9
Page Ref:
381
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.2
Answer: social comparison theory
bo
ok
11.2-10. People over the years have claimed to see flying saucers. This is an example of __________.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-10
Page Ref:
381
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: mass hysteria
ww
w.
u
11.2-11. Characters in the story of “Chicken Little” were convinced that the sky was falling. This is an example
of a(n) __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-11
Page Ref:
381–382
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: collective delusion
11.2-12. When Clorinda was young she heard the story that Walt Disney had been frozen. When scientists
find a cure for the disease he died from, they will bring him back to life. This is an example of
a(n) __________.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-12
Page Ref:
382
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.2
Answer: urban legend
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
742 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.2-13. __________ is the tendency of people to change their behavior as a consequence of group behavior.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-13
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: Conformity
ly.
c
om
11.2-14. At the end of the first week of school, Bart notices that almost all the students are using the new
backpacks with wheels. He comes home Friday and asks his mom to take him to the store to buy a new
backpack. Bart is displaying __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-14
Page Ref:
383
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: conformity
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
11.2-15. Valerie is listening to other students bad mouth their new psychology teacher, whom she really likes.
Before the attention turns to her, another student speaks up and says the teacher isn’t that bad. Valerie
is now more likely to __________ with the group’s opinions.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-15
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Conformity: The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: disagree
11.2-16. __________ is the tendency to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when people are stripped of their
usual identities.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-16
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.3
Answer: Deindividuation
11.2-17. Your next door neighbor’s child is usually very nice and very well behaved. However, on Halloween,
he literally turns into a little monster when he puts his costume on. Undoubtedly, his behavior change
is due to the process of _________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-17
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: deindividuation
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 743
11.2-18. Your friend Connor is a counselor in charge of a group of very shy children. He has been assigned the
task of getting the children to come out of their shells. You might suggest that he give each child a
disguise to create a sense of __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-18
Page Ref:
384
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: deindividuation
ly.
c
om
11.2-19. Gus wants an honest opinion from his employees. He thinks that the company should merge with its
rival to increase revenues. As he looks around the room, he is greeted with smiles and nods. Most
likely, his employees’ silence reflects the effects of __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-19
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: groupthink
ww
w.
u
bo
ok
11.2-20. Deciding to steal your rival fraternity’s mascot was likely the end result of __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-20
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: groupthink
11.2-21. __________ is an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-21
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: Groupthink
11.2-22. Despite warnings from NASA engineers that the shuttle might explode because rubber rings on the
rocket booster could fail in freezing temperatures, project managers of the Challenger agreed to launch
it after a series of bitterly cold days in January. This is an example of intelligent people making a
catastrophic decision due to the phenomenon of __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-22
Page Ref:
387
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: groupthink
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
744 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.2-23. The __________ is an approach to convincing someone to change his or her mind about something by
first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-23
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: inoculation effect
ly.
c
om
11.2-24. Taking out the trash because your dad told you to is a form of __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-24
Page Ref:
389
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: obedience
bo
ok
11.2-25. A fighter pilot may have an easier time dropping his bomb on the enemy than a combat soldier would
shooting his enemy, due to the factor of __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-25
Page Ref:
392
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: psychological distance
ww
w.
u
11.2-26. Little Hannabeth watches as her mom helps her grandmother get out of the car. The next time
grandmother comes over, Hannabeth runs to help her out of the car. Hannabeth is engaging in
__________ behavior.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-26
Page Ref:
394
Topic:
Helping and Harming Others: Prosocial Behavior and Aggression
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: prosocial
11.2-27. You are walking back to your dormroom when you notice a fellow student leaning awkwardly against
the wall. You are most likely to stop and ask he if needs help if you are __________.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-27
Page Ref:
395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: alone; by yourself
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 745
11.2-28. __________ is a phenomenon where the more people present at an emergency, the less each person
feels responsible for the negative consequences of not helping.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-28
Page Ref:
395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Diffusion of responsibility
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11.2-29. Nokia, Will, JT, and Samara are assigned a group project. JT ends up doing almost all of the project
because the others did not contribute much to the project. This phenomenon is known as __________.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-29
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: social loafing
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11.2-30. __________ is helping others for unselfish reasons.
Difficulty:
1
Question ID: 11.2-30
Page Ref:
397
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Altruism
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11.2-31. Litzi is in a hurry; she pulls up to the drive thru at the bank to find a line of ten cars. She is now more
likely than not to react __________ when the car behind her runs into the back of her car.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-31
Page Ref:
398–399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: aggressively
11.2-32. Sally slaps Joyce in the face after Joyce stole her boyfriend. Sally’s reaction is unusual for females
who normally engage in __________ aggression.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-32
Page Ref:
399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: relational
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
746 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.2-33. People from southern regions of the United States are more likely than people from other regions of the
country to adhere to a(n) __________ , a social norm of defending one’s reputation in the face of a
perceived insult.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-33
Page Ref:
400
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.7
Answer: culture of honor
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11.2-34. __________ is a trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behaviors reflect their true feelings and
attitudes.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-34
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Attitudes and Behavior
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: Self-monitoring
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11.2-35. The enormous success many former athletes have running for political office may be the result of the
__________ heuristic.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-35
Page Ref:
401
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: recognition
11.2-36. The __________ suggests that we’re more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that
resemble us.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-36
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.8
Answer: implicit egotism effect
11.2-37. According to __________ theory, we alter our attitudes because we experience an unpleasant state of
tension between two or more conflicting thoughts.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-37
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.9
Answer: cognitive dissonance
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 747
11.2-38. __________ theory suggests that we don’t really change our attitudes, but that we report that we have
done so, so as to appear consistent.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-38
Page Ref:
404
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.9
Answer: Impression management
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11.2-39. A persuasive technique involving asking for a small request before asking for a bigger one is called
the __________.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-39
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: foot-in-the-door technique
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11.2-40. The __________ is a persuasive technique that involves making an unreasonably large request before
making the small request you are hoping to have granted.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-40
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: door-in-the-face technique
11.2-41. The __________ is a persuasive technique involving having someone agree to a request and then
revealing that there are additional hidden obligations.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.2-41
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.10
Answer: low-ball technique
11.2-42. Carla’s parents pay for her college textbooks. Carla wants a little extra money this year, so after
calculating the cost of her books at $550, she calls her dad and tells him her books will cost $2500 this
semester. He hangs up on her. The next day she calls and says she found some used books and the total
is only $1500. He hangs up on her again, but a little more slowly this time. On the third day, Carla
calls again and tells her father that she and her friends are going to share a couple of the books and the
new total is $800. Dad happily writes the check! Carla used the __________ technique.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.2-42
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: door-in-the-face
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
748 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
Essay
11.3-1. Provide an example of social facilitation and social disruption.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-1
Page Ref:
380
Topic:
Humans as a Social Species
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: Provide an example of social facilitation, the idea that performance on mundane tasks can
benefit from the mere presence of another person (e.g., riding a bike with a friend).
Provide an example of social disruption, the idea that performance on complex tasks can be adversely
affected by the presence of others (e.g., stumbling over the speech you prepared in front of the class).
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11.3-2. What is the fundamental attribution error? Discuss the cultural influences on the fundamental
attribution error.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-2
Page Ref:
380-381
Topic:
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.2
Answer: Discuss the fundamental attribution error or the tendency to overestimate the impact of
dispositional influences on others’ behavior. By dispositional influences, we mean enduring
characteristics, such as personality traits, attitudes, and intelligence. Because of this error, we attribute
too much of people’s behavior to who they are.
The fundamental attribution error is associated with cultural factors. Although almost everyone is
prone to this error, Japanese and Chinese people seem to be less so. That may be because they’re more
likely than those in Western cultures to perceive behaviors in context. As a result, they may be more
prone to seeing others’ behavior as a complex stew of both dispositional and situational influences.
11.3-3. Baby Maggy just fell over one of her toys; the first thing she does is look at her mother. Explain why?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-3
Page Ref:
381
Topic:
Social Comparison: Person See, Person Do
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.1
Answer: Discuss social comparison theory and the idea that we often look to others to define our own
actions and reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 749
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11.3-4. Explain conformity and discuss the social factors that influence the level of conformity.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-4
Page Ref:
383–384
Topic:
Conformity: The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: Conformity is the tendency of people to change their behavior as a consequence of group
behavior. Sometimes, when you belong to an organization or group like a club, school committee,
fraternity, or sorority, you may just go along with one of the group’s ideas even though you know that
it is bad, perhaps even unethical. Almost everyone conforms to social pressure from time to time.
There are several social factors that influence the level of conformity. The first is unanimity. If all
confederates give the wrong answer, the subject is more likely to conform. However, if one
confederate gives the correct response, the level of conformity drops by three-fourths. Another factor is
difference in the wrong answer. Knowing that someone else in the group differs from the majority,
even if that person holds a different view from us, can make us less likely to conform. A third factor is
size. The size of the majority makes a difference, but only up to about five or six subjects. People are
no more likely to conform in a group of fifteen subjects than in a group of five subjects.
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11.3-5. Describe a situation in which conformity is not likely to be displayed.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-5
Page Ref:
383–384
Topic:
Conformity: The Asch Paradigm
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: Describe a situation in which at least one individual goes against the group, or if there are
fewer than five people present.
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11.3-6. You thought your friend Bryce was a relatively quiet, shy individual. Yet as you read his responses to
his Internet girlfriend, you barely recognize him. Discuss the driving process behind his alter-ego.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-6
Page Ref:
384–385
Topic:
Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.3
Answer: Discuss deindividuation and the idea that people will engage in all sorts of unusual behavior
when their identities are concealed.
11.3-7. Arthur is a top executive for a major advertising firm. If he wants to avoid collective bad decision
making, what might you advise him to do?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-7
Page Ref:
387–388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: Explain that to avoid issues resulting from groupthink, he should either appoint a person to
question every idea presented during meetings, or schedule follow-up meetings to re-evaluate all
decisions made.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
750 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
om
11.3-8. Discuss groupthink. Give several examples and explain the treatments for groupthink.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-8
Page Ref:
387–388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4
Answer: Groupthink is an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound
decision making. Groups sometimes become so intent on ensuring that everyone agrees with everyone
else that they lose their capacity to evaluate issues objectively.
Some of the more memorable example of groupthink were the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Challenger
shuttle disaster.
As a psychological condition, groupthink is often treated within an organization. It is recommended
that all groups appoint a “devil’s advocate,” a person whose role is to voice doubts about the wisdom
of the group’s decisions. Another suggestion is having independent experts on hand to evaluate
whether the group’s decisions make sense. Finally, it can be useful to hold a follow-up meeting to
evaluate whether the decision reached in the first meeting still seems reasonable.
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11.3-9. Your friend Hal just joined a cult. They are asking him to engage in some peculiar, possibly dangerous
behaviors. What might you do to lessen the chance that Hal will continue to obey the edicts of the cult?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-9
Page Ref:
388
Topic:
Groupthink
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.4
Answer: Explain that the most effective intervention would involve finding another credible leader to
challenge or question the decision of the cult’s leader.
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11.3-10. Describe how the process of deindividuation impacted Milgram’s study.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-10
Page Ref:
384–385, 390–392
Topic:
Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.5
Answer: Explain that as the individual’s identity became further removed from the process, he/she
became more likely to administer the shocks.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 751
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11.3-11. Discus bystander nonintervention and what factors influence intervention.
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.3-11
Page Ref:
394–395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers?
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Bystander nonintervention occurs when bystanders do not intervene in an emergency
situation. It has been suggested that the presence of others makes people less, not more, likely to help
in emergencies. Researchers maintain that two major factors explain bystander nonintervention. The
first is pluralistic ignorance: the error of assuming that no one in the group perceives things as you do.
To intervene in an emergency, we first need to recognize that the situation is in fact an emergency. So
pluralistic ignorance is relevant when we’re trying to figure out whether an ambiguous situation is
really an emergency.
A second step is required for us to intervene in an emergency. We need to feel a burden of
responsibility for the consequences of not intervening. Here’s the rub: the more people present at an
emergency, the less each person feels responsible for the negative consequences of not helping.
Researchers have called this phenomenon diffusion of responsibility: the presence of others makes
each person feel less responsible for the outcome.
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11.3-12. Provide examples of pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-12
Page Ref:
395
Topic:
Safety in Numbers or Dangers in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Provide an example of pluralistic ignorance and the idea that we often fail to act because we
assume that we are the only one who thinks something is amiss (e.g., failing to leave a smoking
restaurant because no else is leaving). Provide an example of diffusion of responsibility and the idea
that we often fail to help in the presence of others, because a negative outcome cannot be blamed
directly on us (e.g., failing to stop and assist someone on the side of the road because fifty other cars
drove by and they didn’t stop).
11.3-13. Lewis is a contestant on The Apprentice starring Donald Trump. He has just been named project
manager. Provide a recommendation that will help him get optimal performance from his teammates.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-13
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Explain that each individual should have a unique job to do, to which they alone are
accountable, which should minimize the possibility of social loafing.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
752 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.3-14. Provide a reason why identifying true altruism is difficult.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-14
Page Ref:
397
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Explain that altruism is helping another without thought of personal gain or for selfless
reasons. Explain that what may look like altruistic behavior may have ulterior motives (e.g., Cindy
drives her grandma to the store every Sunday and helps her with her shopping. She may be acting out
of altruism or she may be trying to insure a good inheritance).
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11.3-15. Describe why, if you found yourself in an ambiguous situation that required outside assistance, you
would want someone from your psychology class in the immediate vicinity.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-15
Page Ref:
398
Topic:
Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: Discuss situational influences on helping behavior and the idea that individuals with exposure
to research on bystander effects are more likely to intervene or assist someone in need.
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11.3-16. Your friend Julia just got hired on as a new lawyer at a prestigious firm, a very demanding job. She
also likes to work out each day to keep herself fit. Why should you encourage her to work out after
work?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-16
Page Ref:
398–399
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: Explain that physical arousal can lead to aggression, and she may find herself lashing out at
other employees on the job if she works out before going into work.
11.3-17. Observational learning suggests that we should both turn our television sets off and on. When it comes
to our behavior, what does that mean?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-17
Page Ref:
398
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: Explain that behaviors like aggression can be learned or reinforced via the media, so you
might want to turn the set off. Explain that prosocial behaviors like sharing and cooperating can be
learned via the media, so you might want to turn the set on.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 753
11.3-18. How is relational aggression akin to prejudice?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-18
Page Ref:
399, 406
Topic:
Aggression: Why We Hurt Others
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.7
Answer: Explain that both involve hidden or indirect aggression toward others without direct
confrontation.
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11.3-19. Describe why you recommended to Emmit, your advertising friend from Dallas, that he should feature
a person wearing cowboy boots and a hat in all of his commercials.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-19
Page Ref:
402
Topic:
Origins of Attitudes
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.8
Answer: Explain that many people in Dallas own or wear cowboy hats and boots, and the implicit
egotism effect suggests that they will purchase from those individuals they perceive to be similar to
themselves.
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11.3-20. Discuss attitude change and the types of persuasive techniques that can be used on people.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-20
Page Ref:
402–405
Topic:
Cognitive Dissonance and Attitude Change
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.9, 11.10
Answer: Answers will vary but should include the following points for full credit.
• What makes us change our attitudes? According to cognitive dissonance theory, we alter our
attitudes because we experience an unpleasant state of tension—cognitive dissonance—between
two or more conflicting thoughts (cognitions). Because we dislike this state of tension, we’re
motivated to reduce or eliminate it. If we hold an attitude or belief (cognition A) that’s inconsistent
with another attitude or belief (cognition B), we can reduce the anxiety resulting from this
inconsistency in three major ways: change cognition A, change cognition B, or introduce a new
cognition, C, that resolves the inconsistency between A and B. Some scholars contend that it’s not
dissonance itself that’s responsible for shifting our attitudes, but rather threats to our self-concept.
• There are at least two other alternative explanations for cognitive dissonance effects. The first, selfperception theory, proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors. The second,
impression management theory, proposes that we don’t really change our attitudes in cognitive
dissonance studies; we only tell the experimenters we have. We do so because we don’t want to
appear inconsistent.
• Drawing on the research literature concerning attitudes and attitude change, psychologists have
identified a host of effective techniques for persuading others. The foot-in-the-door technique
suggests that we start with a small request before asking for a bigger one. Alternatively, we can
start with a large request, like asking for a $100 donation to our charity, before asking for a small
one, such as a $10 donation. This is the door-in-the-face technique. With the low-ball technique,
the seller of a product starts by quoting a price well below the actual sales price. Once the buyer
agrees to purchase the product, the seller mentions all of the desirable or necessary “add-ons” that
come along with the product. By the time we’re done, we may end up paying twice as much as we
initially agreed to pay.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
754 Test Bank for Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking
11.3-21. Provide one example each of the foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face techniques of persuasion.
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-21
Page Ref:
405
Topic:
Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.10
Answer: Provide an example of foot-in-the-door, the idea that a very minimal request is followed by
successively larger ones (e.g., Can I borrow some sugar?, Can I borrow a couple of dollars?, Can I
borrow your car?, etc.).
Provide an example of door-in-the-face, the idea that a large unreasonable request is followed by a
much smaller, seemingly reasonable request (e.g., Would you pay $400, no $300, NO better yet only
$99.99 for the newest whatever?!).
Critical Thinking Short Answer
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11.3-22. How does the scapegoat hypothesis relate to the just-world hypothesis?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.3-22
Page Ref:
410
Topic:
Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.12
Answer: Explain that the scapegoat hypothesis states that we need someone or some group to blame
when things go bad, usually a minority or “inferior” group, and the just-world hypothesis suggests that
when those bad things happen to “inferior” groups, they deserve it.
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11.4-1. Can the Milgram obedience study and the Zimbardo prison study be considered ethical? Could they be
conducted today?
Difficulty:
3
Question ID: 11.4-1
Page Ref:
385–386, 389–393
Topic:
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Skill:
Conceptual
Objective:
11.4, 11.5
Answer: Both the Milgram obedience study and the Zimbardo prison study were unethical by today’s
APA standards. Both studies did not protect the subjects from physical or psychological harm. In both
studies psychological harm could have easily occurred. Subjects needed to be debriefed after the
studies and told the nature of the study. Every attempt should have been made to reduce any harmful
psychological effects from participating in the study. Also, subjects were forced to continue in the
study whether they wished to or not. When subjects tried to stop, they were strongly told to continue.
Today’s ethics allow for subjects to stop at anytime. They do not have to complete the study. This was
not allowed in either of the studies.
The studies could be conducted today if safeguards are in place. Subjects should be allowed to stop at
any time during the study. At the end of their participation, subjects should be thoroughly debriefed to
minimize any psychological harm.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 11: Social Psychology 755
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11.4-2. You have been given a group assignment to complete. Your instructor has partnered you with three
totally unmotivated students whom you suspect will do very little work. How could you minimize the
chance of social loafing occurring?
Difficulty:
2
Question ID: 11.4-2
Page Ref:
396
Topic:
Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
Skill:
Applied
Objective:
11.6
Answer: There are two things you might do to ensure that each student does his/her part in completing
the group assignment. First, each student should work on an integral part of the project. It should be
clear as to which student has responsibility for a particular aspect of the project—each student would
be identifiable. Each part should involve approximately the same amount of work and effort.
The second step that should be followed is that the project should be evaluated by each part. In this
way each student will get an individual grade for his/her participation in the project. When the project
is presented, each student should present his/her part. In this way, the instructor can reward the
individuals who participated. Social loafers would get their just due.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.