Download Lecture Study Guide 1 Know the following organisms: Giardia

Biology 3B
Lecture Study Guide 1
Chapter 25:
History of Life on Earth
Know the brief history of life as discussed in class. Know what the spontaneous generation is. What’s biogenesis?
Know the 4 hypothesized stages for the origins of life. Know the general makeup of the early atmosphere – was it a
reducing or oxidizing atmosphere & why? What was the first genetic material and why? What are ribozymes and how
they work? What are protobionts? Early metabolic pathway? How has the fossil record illustrated intermediate steps
between present day mammals and our early synapsid ancestors? Understand the origins of mitochondria and
plastids (autogenous vs endosymbiotic). What’s the Cambrian explosion?
Scientists: Oparin, Haldane, Miller & Urey, Cech (any other discussed but not listed here)
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
What’s phylogeny, systematic and taxonomy? Hierarchy for classification? What’s a taxon? Understand how to read a
phylogenetic tree. What are considered sister taxa? Be able to indicate the most recent ancestor of taxon/taxa on
phylogenetic tree. Homology vs analogy? What’s the difference between apomorphy, synaptomorphy, pleisomorphy,
synpleisomorphy? Be able to construct a cladogram? Know the difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and
polyphyletic. Be able to indentify the outgroup and ingroup.
Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Know the difference between lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages. Know difference between DNA, RNA and
retroviruses. What is HIV & AIDS? What cell does HIV infect & why? Know the classification of bacteria (Bacteria vs
Archaea, Gram (-) vs Gram (+)). Know the morphology of bacteria. Know the different types of bacterial metabolism
and the various modes of nutrition. Understand the various prokaryotic relationships with oxygen. What is binary
fission? Know the difference between gram (+) and gram (–) bacteria (understand the construction of the cell walls).
Could you make a simple sketch of the cell walls of the aforementioned bacterial types? Which has endotoxins,
exotoxins, endospores (Please read the section in the textbook on endo and exotoxins – I forgot to talk about them in
class)? Know the general features of cyanobacteria. What’s the difference between conjugation, transformation and
transduction? What’s horizontal gene transfer? What is taxis? Positive and negative taxis? Know the types of
environments in which you find prokaryotes. Know the symbiotic relationships for prokaryotes. Know Koch’s
postulates and why it’s utilized. Usefulness and dangers of prokaryotes – know the disease causing organism and the
disease they cause (as discussed in class) – I think we only discussed one or two (Lyme disease and Rocky Mtn
spotted fever). Understand the significance of the F and R plasmids. What’s Hfr? How does Griffith’s experiments tie
in with plasmids? Which prokaryotes have introns, peptidoglycan, and histone proteins?
Chapter 28: Protists
Know the general characteristics for protists as a group. know the various modes of nutrition for protists. What’s the
difference between protozoa and algae? Understand endosymbiotic relationships for eukaryotes. What is the
difference between primary, secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis? How many membranes will “organelles” contain
after the three aforementioned endosymbiotic events?
Know the 5 supergroups for protists (Excavata,
Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida and Unikonta) and the very basic features for each group. If given several
protists, be able to place them into the correct supergroup (also land plants, fungi and us). What’s the major
characteristic for Alveolates, Euglenozoans, Know the various protests discussed in class and their biological
significance if any. Know the importance of algae. What causes red tides, malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chaga’s
disease, amoebic dysentery, etc.? What are the conditions for red tides? Which are bioluminescent? Know the water
conditions which brown, red and green algae favor. Which type of algae are you consuming if you’re at the sushi bar?
Which algae are components of coral reefs? Know the morphological features of algae. Know the various groups of
protists discussed in class. If there’s a disease, know it. What is alternation of generation? Sporophyte?
Gametophyte?
Know the following organisms: Giardia; Trichomonas, Euglena, Trypanosoma, dinoflagellates; Plasmodium;
Paramecium; red algae; brown algae; amoeba; foraminifera; radiolarian; green algae, diatoms,
Chapter 31: Fungi
Know the characteristics of fungi. Know the difference between saprobic, parasitic and mutualistic fungi. Know the
morphological features of fungi. Know: mycelium, plasmogamy, karyogamy, chitin, hyphae, coenocytic, haustoria,
mycorrhizae, septated vs nonseptated fungi. Heterokaryotic, dikaryotic, haploid, diploid stages in the lifecycle of the 3
groups of fungi. Know the general features in the 3 different fungal phyla and the one nontaxonomic (deuteromycota –
discussed in lab) grouping. Which are the important decomposing group? What are lichens? Role of pheromones?
You will have one fungal lifecycle in the written section. Know the ecological and economic importance of fungi. What
are mycoses? Know the difference between systemic, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic & subcutaneous diseases
caused by fungi. Understand the life cycles for the fungal groups.