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Biology: Exam 1 Material
-SCIENTIFIC METHOD
-KINGDOMS
-THE CELL
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method: What is it?
—  A way to answer scientific questions using 6 steps.
The Scientific Method: Steps
1.  Ask a Question
2.  Do Background
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
Research
Construct a
Hypothesis
Test Your
Hypothesis by
Doing an
Experiment
Analyze Your Data
and Draw a
Conclusion
Communicate Your
Results
The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed
—  Ask a Question: The scientific method starts when
you ask a question about something that you
observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or
Where?
—  And, in order for the scientific method to answer the
question it must be about something that you can
measure, preferably with a number.
The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed
—  Do Background Research: Rather than starting
from scratch in putting together a plan for answering
your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using
library and Internet research to help you find the
best way to do things and insure that you don't
repeat mistakes from the past.
The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed
—  A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things
work:
"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will
happen." You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can
easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be
constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.
The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed
—  Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an
Experiment: Your experiment tests whether your
hypothesis is true or false. It is important for your
experiment to be a fair test.
—  You conduct a fair test by making sure that you
change only one factor at a time while keeping all
other conditions the same. You should also repeat
your experiments several times to make sure that the
first results weren't just an accident.
The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed
—  Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion:
Once your experiment is complete, you collect your
measurements and analyze them to see if your
hypothesis is true or false.
—  Scientists often find that their hypothesis was false,
and in such cases they will construct a new
hypothesis starting the entire process of the scientific
method over again. Even if they find that their
hypothesis was true, they may want to test it again in
a new way.
The Scientific Method: Steps Detailed
—  Communicate Your Results: To complete your
science fair project you will communicate your
results to others in a final report and/or a display
board. Professional scientists do almost exactly the
same thing by publishing their final report in a
scientific journal or by presenting their results on a
poster at a scientific meeting.
Kingdoms
Kingdoms: What does this mean?
—  There are 6 kingdoms of life.
—  They are used for classification of living things.
—  These kingdoms are based on how living things are
the same and how they are different.
Kingdoms: What are they?
—  Archaebacteria
—  Eubacteria Kingdom
—  Protista Kingdom
—  Fungi Kingdom
—  Plantae Kingdom
—  Animalia Kingdom.
Kingdoms: Archaebacteria
—  Unicellular (one cell)
—  found in extreme environments such as
hot boiling water and thermal vents under
conditions with no oxygen or highly acid
environments.
Kingdoms: Eubacteria
—  Unicellular
—  Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom.
They are the kinds found everywhere and are the
ones people are most familiar with.
—  Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom
because their chemical makeup is different.
—  Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce vitamins
and foods like yogurt.
Kingdoms: Protista
—  Slime molds and algae are protists.
—  Sometimes they are called the odds and ends
kingdom because its members are so different from
one another. Protists include all microscopic
organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not
plants and not fungi.
—  Most protists are unicellular.
Kingdoms: Fungi
—  Mushrooms, mold and mildew
are all examples of organisms
in the kingdom fungi.
—  Most fungi are multicellular
and consists of many complex
cells.
—  Fungi are organisms that
biologists once confused with
plants, however, unlike
plants, fungi cannot make
their own food. Most obtain
their food from parts of plants
that are decaying in the soil.
Kingdoms: Plantae
—  Plants are all multicellular and
consist of complex cells.
—  With over 250,000 species, the plant
kingdom is the second largest
kingdom. Plant species range from the
tiny green mosses to giant trees.
—  In addition plants are autotrophs,
organisms that make their own food.
—  Without plants, life on Earth would not
exist! Plants feed almost all the
heterotrophs (organisms that eat other
organisms) on Earth.
Kingdoms: Animalia
—  The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with
over 1 million known species.
—  All animals consist of many complex cells. They are
also heterotrophs.
—  Members of the animal kingdom are found in the
most diverse environments in the world.
The Cell
The Cell: What does it do?
—  Cells make up all living things
—  The purpose of cells is to keep the organism it is
supporting alive. Cells can reproduce by the minute.
When an organism dies, the cells die.
The Cell: Types
—  There are two types of cells
¡  1) Prokaryotic
÷  The
simplest type of cells were most likely the first type of cells
that formed on Earth. These are called prokaryotic cells.
÷  All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular, meaning the entire
organism is only one cell.
¡ 
2) Eukaryotic
÷  The
other, much more complex, type of cell is called the
eukaryotic cell.
÷  there are many more organelles within eukaryotic cells
÷  Most eukaryotic organisms are multicellular. This allows the
eukaryotic cells within the organism to become specialized
The Cell: Parts of a Plant Cell
—  Cell Wall- a stiff covering that protects plant cells
—  Chloroplast-a green structure in a plant
—  Cytoplasm-the jellylike material outside the cell
nucleus in which the organelles are located.
—  Mitochondrion-produces energy in the cell
—  Endoplasmic Reticulum-transportation
network
—  Nucleus-control center of the cell
—  Vacuole-Vacuole-cell storage sac for food, waste
and water
The Cell: Parts of an Animal Cell
—  Vacuole-cell storage sac for food,waste, and water
—  Mitochondrion –produces energy in a cell
—  Chromosomes-provides direction for cells to follow
—  Nucleus-control center of a cell
—  Endoplasmic Reticulum--transportation system
—  Cytoplasm-gel like substance found in a cell
—  Cell Membrane- surrounds cell material
References
—  http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/project_scientific_method.shtml
—  http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/
Index.htm
—  http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_main.html
—  http://science.pppst.com/cells.html
—  http://evolution.about.com/od/Overview/a/TypesOf-Cells.htm