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CKSS 2012 Exercise Science
Section 1: The Anatomical Position
An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
Ted Temertzoglou
Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
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The Anatomical Position
t  Anatomical position: Anatomists and
physiologists view the human body in
this standard starting point
v  Body in an upright standing position
v  Face and feet pointing forward
v  Arms at side and forearms fully
supinated (palms facing forward)
Anatomical Planes
t  Anatomical Planes relate to positions in
space and are at right angles to one
another:
v  Transverse plane:
 Divides the body into superior and
inferior segments
v  Sagittal plane:
 Divides the body into medial and
lateral segments
v  Frontal plane:
 Divides the body into anterior and
posterior segments
Anatomical Axes
t  Anatomical Axes are used to describe the
direction of movement at joints:
v  Longitudinal (polar) axis:
 In a “north-south” relationship to
the anatomical position
v  Horizontal (bilateral) axis:
 In an “east-west” relationship to
the anatomical position
v  Antero-posterior axis:
 In a “front-to-back” relationship to
the anatomical position
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Flexion - Extension
t  Flexion: decreasing the angle
between two bones
t  Extension: increasing the angle
between two bones
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Abduction - Adduction
t  Abduction: moving away from
the midline
t  Adduction: moving towards the
midline
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Internal Rotation - External Rotation
t  Internal rotation: rotating inward
towards the midline
t  External rotation: rotating
outward away from the midline
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Circumduction
t 
Circumduction: circular motion
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Supination - Pronation
t  Supination: lateral rotation of
the hand and forearm
t  Pronation: medial rotation of the
hand and forearm
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Protraction - Retraction
t  Protraction: moving in a forward
(anterior) position
t  Retraction: moving in a
backward (posterior) position
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Dorsiflexion - Plantar Flexion
t  Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot
upward
t  Plantar flexion: pointing the foot
downward
Describing Position and Movement
t  Anterior: front surface of the body
t  Posterior: back surface of the body
t  Superior: refers to structures being closer
t 
t 
t 
t 
t 
to the top of the body (excluding limbs)
Inferior: refers to structures being closer to
the lower part of the body (excluding limbs)
Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal
Lateral: away from the midline or midsagittal
Proximal: towards the upper segment of a
limb
Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb
Relationship Between Axes and Planes
Axis of Rotation
Plane of Motion
Example
Horizontal (Bilateral)
Sagittal
Flexion/Extension
Longitudinal (Polar)
Transverse
Rotation of extremities/
Axial rotation
Antero-Posterior
Frontal
Abduction/Adduction
Finding Axes and Planes
t  Axis of rotation is always
perpendicular to the plane of
movement
t  In the anatomical position: all flexion/
extension occurs in the sagittal plane,
all abduction/adduction occurs in the
frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in
the transverse plane
t  More involved movements usually
occur as a combination of motions
from more than one plane
Longitudinal Axis
90
Transverse Plane
o
Twirling
t  What is the axis of rota-on? t  Polar t  What is the plane of mo-on? t  Transverse Simon Says “Planes of Movement”
Stride Jump
Antero-Posterior
Frontal
Side Bend
Antero-Posterior
Frontal
Elbow extension
Bilateral
Sagittal
Nodding head “yes”
Bilateral
Sagittal
Twirling
Polar
Transverse
Shaking head “no”
Polar
Transverse