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Introduction to Psychology Mr. Hackbarth Chapter 6 Study Guide Name: ______________________________ Score: _____ / 40 Date Due: _______________________________________________ Part 1: In the space provided answer questions 1 – 8 as completely as possible. 1. Briefly explain Pavlov’s experiment of Classical Conditioning. 2. Identify (define) the following: a) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) b) Unconditioned Response (UR) c) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) d) Conditioned Response (CR) 3. What is the difference between extinction and spontaneous recovery in terms of classical conditioning? 4. How is operant conditioning different than classical conditioning? 5. Identify (define) the following: a) Reinforcement b) Primary Reinforcer c) Secondary Reinforcer d). Positive Reinforcer e) Negative Reinforcer 6. What are three different types of reinforcement schedules? a) b) c) 7. What is the difference between latent and observational learning? 8. What is the difference between proactive and retroactive inhibition? Part 2: Matching: In the space provided, write term identified by each description. Choose your answers from the word bank. Some answers will not be used. discrimination conditioned response spontaneous recovery association WORD BANK stimulus primary reinforcer operant conditioning observational latent shaping extinction 1. Something that produces a reaction: ___________________________________ 2. A learned response to a stimulus that was previously meaningless: ________________________________ 3. The type of learning based on the consequences of an action: _______________________________ 4. The type of learning that remains hidden until it is needed: ___________________________________ 5. The type of learning that is acquired by watching and imitating others: ______________________________ 6. When a conditioned response stops occurring: ____________________________ 7. Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar: __________________________________ 8. Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism’s basic biological needs: __________________ 9. The process of our mind automatically connecting two events that happen together: ____________________ 10. The revival of an extinguished response: ___________________________________ 11. Conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward a desired goal: ___________________ Part 3: Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the best selection given for each question or statement on the given blank. 1. _____ Learning is best defined as a. a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. b. the natural changes that unfold in a fixed sequence, relatively independent of the environment. c. an awareness of the outside world and of your mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. d. the process of converting environmental energy into neural activity. 2. _____ Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement: a. Not stealing cookies for fear of being spanked b. Learning to take aspirin for headaches c. Sewing a quilt to make your parents happy d. Studying for an exam to earn an A 3. _____ Through operant conditioning, people learn to control a. voluntary responses b. involuntary biological behaviors c. unconditioned responses d. unconditioned stimuli 4. _____ A slot machine provides reinforcement to players based on a a. variable – ratio schedule b. fixed – ratio schedule c. variable – interval schedule d. fixed – interval schedule 5. _____ Most psychologists suggest that punishment is not the best way to deal with a problem because it a. may cause children to learn to hit b. may cause a child to run away c. does not teach the correct way to act d. all of the above 6. _____ Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room and every few seconds a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the a. phone ringing b. flash of light c. blinking after the flash d. blinking after the ringing 7. _____ 8. _____ When Ken kisses Barbie, his heart races. For a month, Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him. She stopped snapping her fingers, but now whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers, his heart begins to race. This is an example of ____________________ conditioning and finger snapping is the _________________________. a. classical; conditioned response b. operant; conditioned stimulus c. classical; primary reinforcer d. classical; conditioned stimulus Whenever your English teacher is giving a quiz, he carries the copes of the quiz into the room in a black box, and you react with anticipation. If he walks into the room with any other color box, you know that it is not a quiz and feel no anticipation. This illustrates the concept of stimulus a. control b. degradation c. discrimination d. generalization 9. _____ After learning about Pavlov in class, Wendy wanted to condition her own dog, Rover, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Which of the following would be the most effective method for Wendy to produce a strong conditioned response in Rover? a. Present the bell and the food at the same time. b. Present the bell and then after it stops ringing, present the food. c. Present the bell first, and then present the food while the bell is still ringing. d. Present the food, and then after the food is eaten, present the bell. 10. _____ Karen decides to try cotton candy for the first time at the Taylor County Fair. She enjoys it, but unfortunately, later that day Karen comes down with the stomach flu. Now the smell or thought of cotton candy makes her shudder and feel slightly nauseous. This is an example of a. extinction b. taste aversion c. cotton candy phobia d. learned immune response 11. _____ The Green Bay Packers, having practice every day of the year with no breaks would be considered a. feedback b. massed practice c. transfer d. distributed practice 12. _____ Joanna developed a phobia of dogs after a dog bit her on the leg. This can be explained as classical conditioning. The pain of the dog bit would be a. both the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus b. the conditioned stimulus c. the unconditioned stimulus d. the neutral stimulus 13. _____ After Maria drank coffee for the first time, she felt more awake. She then drank coffee every morning thereafter. Now when she even smells coffee, she feels more awake. Feeling more awake after just smelling the coffee is the a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response 14. _____ Ignoring the attention – getting behavior of hyperactive children can be a helpful tool to elementary school teachers, since often the frequency of the misbehavior will decrease and even stop. What operant conditioning process does this technique utilize? a. negative reinforcement b. shaping c. stimulus discrimination d. extinction 15. _____ A dog in a classical conditioning experiment salivates to a continuous buzzer but not to a single bell ring. This is an example of a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. partial reinforcement d. continuous reinforcement 16. _____ Pookie, the dog, quickly learns that when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of ________________ conditioning a. classical b. operant 17. _____ After Nadia spills water all over her paining, her first grade art teacher gives her some M&M’s to make her feel better. The next time art class meets, Nadia promptly and purposefully spills water on her painting. The M&M’s acted as a. positive reinforcers b. negative reinforcers c. secondary reinforcers 18. _____ In some situations, therapists give mental patients tokens such as poker chips for desired behaviors. The tokens reinforce desired behaviors because they can be exchanged for television time, desserts, and other desired commodities. The tokes are thus ______________ reinforcers. a. primary b. secondary c. partial d. latent 19. _____ It has been rumored that Taylor County police officers receive a $10 bonus for every 20 speeding tickets they issue. This example (if it were true) would be _______________ form of reinforcement. a. variable – ratio b. fixed – ratio c. variable – interval d. continuous 20. _____ Continued gambling behavior is best explained in terms of which process of learning? a. classical conditioning b. social learning c. partial reinforcement d. observational learning 21. _____ Heidi continues to play the slot machines hour after hour because they provide reinforcement on a ______________________ schedule. a. continuous b. fixed – interval c. variable – interval d. variable – ratio